Nevado del Ruiz 18 th November 1984 Colombia

Nevado del Ruiz Pyroclastic material melted glaciers> Lahars 10 pm E slope hit town of Chinchina Kill 1800

Nevado del Ruiz 11 pm W slope hit town of Armero Killed 22, 000 (70% pop) Injured 5000

Nevado del Ruiz 60% livestock lost 30% sorghum+rice crop lost 3400 ha Agricultural land lost Communications destroyed

Nevado del Ruiz 50 schools, 2 hospitals, 58 factories, 343 commercial buildings + national coffee research labs lost

Nevado del Ruiz $7. 7 billion loss to Colombia's economy (20% GNP)

Mt Pelee, Martinique 8 th May 1902 Nuee Ardente

Mt Pelee, Martinique Earlier Nuee Ardente on 5 th May prompted some evac Army called in to stop panic

Mt Pelee, Martinique On 8 th build up of pressure created another Ardente Consisting of gas at 7000 C Hit town of St Pierre

Mt Pelee, Martinique Glass and metal was melted 29000 people were killed 2 survivors town completely destroyed

Lake Nyos, Cameroon August 1986 Release of Toxic Gas

Lake Nyos, Cameroon Volcanic CO 2 released from rocks into lake where it was stored in cold deep waters

Lake Nyos, Cameroon During wet season river flowing into lake Nyos disturbed water layers creating convection currents and allowing CO 2 to reach surface

Lake Nyos, Cameroon Massive CO 2 release; 1 bn 3 m in one hour Killed 1700 people and 3000 cattle by Asphyxia

Heimaey, Iceland 22 nd January 1978 Lava flow

Heimaey, Iceland 21 st. Jan 2 km fissure opened 24 th Cone formed 19 th Feb crater wall broke releasing lava flow towards town

Heimaey, Iceland Rapid evac of 5300 people +cattle, cars, money No casualties

Heimaey, Iceland Ash fall set fire to houses Many houses and fish factories crushed by lava Fresh water pipe from mainland cut

Heimaey, Iceland Heavy duty pumps brought in & lava flow sprayed with water cooling it causing lithification, saving town and harbour

Heimaey, Iceland US$36 million compensation awarded 2 2. 2 km of new land formed Created a tourist attraction

EARTH QUAKE STUDIES Shamone

BAM earthquake 26 December 2003 at 5: 26 am

BAM earthquake • South east Iran • Between 6. 3 and 6. 8 on Richter scale

BAM earthquake • 10 km depth on a transform fault • 10 km south of Bam • Arabian and Eurasian plate

BAM earthquake ·mud bricks homes crumble easily ·construction people are not trained well. ·Building laws unenforced ·Housing shortage

BAM earthquake ·Between 30, 000 and 50, 000 people killed ·Approximately 50, 000 are injured,

BAM earthquake ·Destroyed the homes of 70, 000 people. · 90% of the buildings in the town damaged

BAM earthquake ·Red crescent team from Ghazvin responded rapidly; supplying food, medical supplies and 90, 000 tents from the local Mosque ·WHO appealed for $ 3. 5 million to purchase supplies, rehabilitate health facilities and provide vital public and community health services:

Cambria Earthquake Monday nd 22 December 2003 Magnitude 6. 5

Cambria Earthquake Three people killed: At least 40 people injured in the Paso Robles-Templeton area.

Cambria Earthquake About 40 buildings collapsed or severely damaged at Paso Robles. Buildings damaged and small fires occurred at Cambria and Morro Bay.

Cambria Earthquake The airport at Oceano closed due to cracks in the runway. 10, 000 homes and businesses were without power Tremors felt as far north as San Francisco and as far south as Los Angeles

Cambria Earthquake • In 1985 California at risk programme started to reduce earthquake hazard • A computer called earthworm plots seismic movements and rapidly alerts emergency services • GIS systems have identified areas at greatest risk, due to liquefaction building age etc

Cambria Earthquake • Building codes some of strictest in world • Emergency services in California are well trained to cope with the earthquake hazard ·Schools and businesses have earthquake drills and advice is freely distributed keeping the population well informed

Haicheng China 4 th February 1975 Magnitude 7. 8

Haicheng China Earthquake predicted by: • 500 small tremors • Bizarre animal behaviour • Bubbling wells

Haicheng China 3 million ordered to sleep outside City flattened Only 500 dead

Tangshan China 1 year after Haicheng no warning killed 250, 000

Kobe Japan 17 th January 1995 5. 46 am Magnitude: 7. 2

Kobe Japan Epicentre 20 km SW of Kobe in Osaka bay depth: 14 km Philippine+Eurasian plate

Kobe Japan 6300 deaths 35, 000 injuries 300, 000 homeless

Kobe Japan >103, 500 buildings destroyed Only 20% CBD usable Port destroyed by soil liquefaction Japan lost 30% of its shipping

Kobe Japan Transport heavily damaged: Much of Hanshin expressway damaged, inc one 630 m section completely collapsed

Kobe Japan Ruptured gas mains + felled electricity pylons: 300 fires across city damaged transport + 70% water sys inoperable hindered fire-fighters

Kobe Japan US $99. 3 billion damage other economic losses: Kawasaki shipping + Sumitomo rubber moved away + many other businesses

Kobe Japan Earthquake response poor took 5 hours to dispatch troops + several days to declare area a disaster zone

Kobe Japan Now schools have 4 earthquake + fire drills pa Earthquake kits + instructions readily available, include hard hats, emergency rations etc

Kobe Japan Harbour rebuilt on compacted earth + with piles going down to bedrock Gas mains fitted with seismometers. Cut off gas in earthquakes

Kobe Japan Most people killed by heavy built, typhoon resistant, wooden houses built before 1980 s. Modern standards improve building survivability. Eg cross-bracing

Kobe Japan Expressway supports with steel jackets all survived whereas plain reinforced concrete ones sheared off

HURRICANES You can do it!

Hurricane Mitch, Honduras October 22 nd 1998 onwards

Hurricane Mitch, Honduras Wind speeds dropped as it went inland Lots of rain; parts of Honduras received 1000 mm in 5 days

Hurricane Mitch, Honduras Rain caused massive landslides At Casita Volcano near Chinandega in Nicaragua cone burst its sides covering 4 nearby villages in 6 m of mud killing 1500

Hurricane Mitch, Honduras 17, 000 died in Honduras alone 800, 000 made homeless

Hurricane Mitch, Honduras 50 main highway bridges lost 1/3 Hondurans affected by flooding looting broke out and 200 people were arrested

Hurricane Mitch, Honduras Damaged water supplied and rotting corpses created epidemics Damaged Transport system lead to massive food shortages

Hurricane Mitch, Honduras Coffee, banana and shrimp farms destroyed 70% Honduras’s economic output lost Production losses of $1. 5 billion for 1998 and 1999

Hurricane Mitch, Honduras and Nicaragua have heavy debts, and a GDP per head of less than $700. Were showing signs of economic recovery with decreasing inflation However Mitch destroyed this

Hurricane Fran, North Carolina Hit mainland on 5 th September 1996 Category 3 hurricane

Hurricane Fran, North Carolina Max winds of 115 mph on coast Rain (>10” in <12 hrs) and the storm surge caused severe coastal flooding

Hurricane Fran, North Carolina 22 killed in N Carolina 1 million people without power 51 out of 100 counties declared federal disaster areas

Hurricane Fran, North Carolina Fran is estimated to have cost $4 billion Deaths and Economic losses would have been worse without the disaster management in place

Hurricane Fran, North Carolina The hurricane was tracked by satellites and planes (national hurricane centre in Miami) GIS identified areas at greatest risk from storm surges directed evacuation

Hurricane Fran, North Carolina In New Hanover County a mandatory evacuation order was issued at 7: 00 am on 5 th September Evacuation traffic took nine hours to clear

Hurricane Fran, North Carolina Afterwards there was a rapid deployment of resources (eg power+utility crews) for cleanup Prisoners used as manual labour to clear trees that blocked the roads

Hurricane Fran, North Carolina Since Fran disaster management has been improved: Streamlining+modernising +coordinating emergency services, national guard air+highway patrols etc to provide a rapid efficient response

Hurricane Fran, North Carolina Year round public information campaigns + lots of information given out when there is imminent risk of a hurricane These preparations helped N Carolina deal with hurricane Isabel