Neutrino opportunities at Jinping II Neutrino experiment with

Neutrino opportunities at Jinping II Neutrino experiment with fiducial mass at kiloton scale Geological conditions and geotechnical feasibility Zhihong Zhao Department of Civil Engineering Tsinghua University 2015 -06 -05

Potential location Schematic of Jinping tunnels and Jinping phase II laboratories

Jinping Laboratory

Geological cross-section along the headrace tunnels of the Jinping II Hydropower Station (Zhang et al. 2012)

In-situ stress condition Prediction of the macro-distribution of in-situ stress along the headrace tunnels of the Jinping II Hydropower Station (Zhang et al. 2012) (1) At the both ends of the tunnels: σH> σh> σv (2) transition zone: σH> σv > σh (3) The Jinping laboratory site: σv > σH> σh

Hydrological conditions • Fractured groundwater: the groundwater distribution is inhomogeneous and probably concentrated on local tunnel regions, where rapid water influx may occur • Karst groundwater: karst geology structures were exposed by excavation, and karst water was predominant groundwater at both ends Intact rocks without fractures, and no water inrush events occurred.

Main rock mechanical parameters Marble is the main rock in the engineering region of Jinping II Laboratory. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of Jinping marble is between 95 and 105 MPa, and its damage initiation stress is between 40 and 50 MPa. Mable samples after failure (Qiu 2011)

Problem (1): Rock bursts More than 100 rock-burst events, of varying extents and severities, occurred during the excavation of the four headrace tunnels and the drainage tunnel with depth larger than 1900 m. A rock burst occurred during excavation of Jinping headrace tunnel #4 (Qiu 2011)

Problem (2): Spalling

Problem (3): Large deformation Acoustic testing and borehole television were used to monitor the size of the damage zone around Jinping headrace tunnel #4, and the results showed that the damage zone appears an asymmetric shape, i. e. the depth of the north side of the headrace tunnel #4 was much larger than that of the south side (Liu et al. 2013).

Experimental hall A: One large cavern ~ 20 m ~ 28 m

Experimental hall B: Two caverns ~16 m ~ 20 m

SNO CJPL II A barrel shape with a maximum diameter of 23 m at mid-height and maximum height of 30. 8 m (a) A cylinder with a height of 28 m and a diameter of 20 m (b) Two cylinders with a height of 20 m and a diameter of 14 m 2070 m 2450 m The excavation of the cavern was started in 1990 and completed in 1993 The excavation of the cavern will start in 2015 The host rock is a fine grained norite Marble Damage initiation σsc=76 MPa Damage initiation σsc=40 -50 Mpa Three major sub-vertical joint sets and one sub- GSI=55 horizontal joint set, which are tight and dry RMR rating ranges from a lower bound of 61 to an upper bound of 81 σv=95. 2 MPa σh 1=65. 9 Mpa σh 2=51. 4 MPa σv=65. 1 MPa σh 1=54. 9 Mpa σh 2=43. 8 MPa No water Water pressure 10 MPa

CUPP CJPL II A cylinder with a height of 25 m and a diameter of 20 m Inclined Hall 20 m× 120 m (a) A cylinder with a height of 28 m and a diameter of 20 m (b) Two cylinders with a height of 20 m and a diameter of 14 m 1050 m (old mine) to 1444 m (new mine) 2450 m Preliminary Design in 2002 The excavation of the cavern will start in 2015 Volcanites (pegmatite) Damage initiation σsc=81 MPa The rock mass is sparsely fractured and its quality varies from good to very good GSI rating ranges from a lower bound of 72 to an upper bound of 80 Marble Damage initiation σsc=40 -50 Mpa GSI=55 σv=41 MPa σh 1=81 Mpa σh 2=51 MPa (1400 m) σv=65. 1 MPa σh 1=54. 9 Mpa σh 2=43. 8 σv=58 MPa σh 1=116 Mpa σh 2=73 MPa (2000 m) MPa The rock is very tight, so there is not much water leakage through the walls Water pressure 10 MPa

Further work (1) Experimental hall layout (2) Excavation and support method (3) Water Supply and Drainage (Steel plate? ) (4) Electricity and Ventilation System (5) Risks during construction and operation

Acknowledgement • Prof. Xia-ting Feng and his co-workers • Other researchers who contribute to Jinping II Hydropower Station and Jinping underground Laboratory

End