Neuroscience and behavior Chapter 2 chapter 2 1
Neuroscience and behavior Chapter 2 chapter 2 1
Biological psychology l. Branch of psychology concern with the links between biology and behavior chapter 2 2
Neuron l. A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. chapter 2 3
Dendrite l The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receives messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. chapter 2 4
Axon l The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages passed to other neurons or to muscles or glands. chapter 2 5
Myelin sheath l. A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neuron; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulsive off from one node to the next. chapter 2 6
Action potential 1. And neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that troubles down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in an out of channels in the axon’s membrane. chapter 2 7
Threshold l The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. chapter 2 8
Synapse l The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron in the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. l The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft. chapter 2 9
Neurotransmitters l Chemical messengers that transverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. l One released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across a synapse and bind to receptors sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. chapter 2 10
Acetylcholine l. A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction. chapter 2 11
Endorphins l Natural opiate like in neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. chapter 2 12
Nerves l Neural cables containing many axons. l These bundle axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. chapter 2 13
Sensory neurons l Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system. chapter 2 14
Motor neurons l Neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glance. chapter 2 15
Interneuron's l Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. chapter 2 16
Somatic nervous system l The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body skeletal muscles. l Also called the skeletal nervous system. chapter 2 17
Autonomic nervous system l The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. l It’s sympathetic division arouses; it’s parasympathetic division calms. chapter 2 18
Parasympathetic nervous system l The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. chapter 2 19
Reflex l Is simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response. chapter 2 20
Neural networks l Interconnected neural cells. l With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthen or inhibits connections to produce certain results. l Computer simulations of neural network show analogous learning. chapter 2 21
Endocrine system l The bodies “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. chapter 2 22
Hormones l Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one’s tissue and affect another. chapter 2 23
Adrenal glands A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. l The adrenals secrete the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which helped to arouse the body in times of stress. l chapter 2 24
Pituitary gland l The endocrine systems most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. chapter 2 25
Lesion l. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue. chapter 2 26
Electroencephalogram (EEG) and amplified recording of the ways of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface. l These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. l chapter 2 27
PET l Positron Emission Tomography l A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. chapter 2 28
MRI l Magnetic resonance imaging l A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computergenerated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain. chapter 2 29
f. MRI l Functional magnetic resonance imaging l A technique for revealing blood flow and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. l MRI scans show brain anatomy; f. MRI scans show brain function. chapter 2 30
Brainstem l The oldest part in central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is response for andautomatic survival functions. chapter 2 31
Medulla l The base of the brain stem; controls heartbeat and breathing. chapter 2 32
Reticular formation l. A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. chapter 2 33
Thalamus l The brain sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmit replies to the cerebellum and the medulla. chapter 2 34
Cerebellum l The (little brain) attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input, and coordinating movement output and balance. chapter 2 35
Limbic system l. A doughnut shaped system of neural structures at the borders of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotion such as the fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. l Includes a hippocampus, amygdala, the hypothalamus. chapter 2 36
Amygdala l Two lima beans size neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion. chapter 2 37
Hypothalamus l. A neural structure lying below the thalamus. l It directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion. chapter 2 38
Cerebral cortex l The intricate fabric of interconnected normal cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information processing center. chapter 2 39
Glial Cells l cells in the nervous system that support, nourished, and protect neurons. chapter 2 40
Frontal lobes l The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind a forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. chapter 2 41
Parietal lobes l The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position. chapter 2 42
Occipital lobes l The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field. chapter 2 43
Temporal lobes l. A portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear. chapter 2 44
Motor cortex l An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. chapter 2 45
Sensory cortex l The area in front of parietal lobes that register and processes body touch and movement sensations. chapter 2 46
Association areas l Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. chapter 2 47
Aphasia l Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding). chapter 2 48
Broca’s area l Controls language expression l An area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. chapter 2 49
Wernicke’s area l Controls language reception – a brain area involved in language comprehension expression; visually in the left temporal lobe. chapter 2 50
Plasticity l The brains capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development. chapter 2 51
Corpus Callosum l The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. chapter 2 52
Split brain l. A condition in which two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers [mainly those of the corpus callosum] between them. chapter 2 53
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