Neuron and Neuroglia Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Microglia Ependymal cell

신경세포 Neuron and Neuroglia Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Microglia Ependymal cell Schwann cell

안정전위 활동전위 탈분극 재분극 과분극 + 50 Membrane potential (m. V) 전기적 신호전달 Na+ channels close K+ channels open, K+ begins to leave cell K+ leaves cell 0 Na+ channels open, Na+ enters cell - 70 During action potential voltage-dependent Ca++ channels permit Ca++ to enter cell Fig 1. Action potential

신경전달물질의 종류 1. monoamine neurotransmitters catecholamines : dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine indoleamines : 5 -HT(serotonin) acetylcholine 2. amino acid neurotransmitters excitatory : L-glutamate, L-aspartate inhibitory : GABA, glycine 3. neuropeptides (neuromodulators) 4. new neurotransmitters ATP, NO, eicosanoids, etc.

신경펩타이드 pituitary peptides : ACTH, alpha-MSH, lipotropin, TSH, GH, prolactin, oxytosin, vasopressin hypothalamic peptides : CRF, TRH, LHRH, somatostatin gut peptides : CCK, gastrin, substance P, VIP opioid peptides : dynorphin, beta-endorphine, enkephalins circulating peptides : angiotensin, calcitonin, glucagon miscellanous : bladykinin, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, bombesin, etc.

단가아민 신경전달물질 OH CH 3 OH C C OH C-C- NH 2 OH N Indoleamine : serotonin NH 2 Catecholamines : dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

카테콜아민과 합성 및 대사 효소 Tyrosine MAO COMT TH DOPA AADC Dopamine HVA Norepinephrine MHPG Epinephrine VMA DBH PNMT

세로토닌과 멜라토닌 tryptophan hydroxylase tryptophan 5 -hydroxy-tryptophan MAO AADC 5 -HIAA 5 -hydroxy-tryptamine (serotonin) N-acetyltransferase N-acetyl-serotonin HIOMT melatonin HIOMT : hydroxy-indole-o-methyltransferase

카테콜아민과 세로토닌의 합성과 대사 AADC TH tyrosine L-DOPA COMT 3 -OMD dopamine COMT MAO 3 -MT DOPAC MAO COMT DOPA : dihydroxyphenylalanaine NE : norepinephrine 3 -OMD : 3 -O-methyldopa 3 -MT : 3 -methoxytyramine DOPAC : dihydroxyphenylacetic acid HVA : homovanilic acid TH : tyrosine hydroxylase AADC : aromatic amino acid decarboxylase DBH : dopamine- -hydroxylase PNMT : phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase COMT : catechol-o-methyl transferase MAO : monoamine oxidase HVA TPH tryptophan 5 OHtryptophan AADC serotonin NAT N-acetyl serotonin HIOMT melatonin MAO 5 -HIAA Fig 16. Catecholamine and indolamine metabolism TPH : tryptophan hydroxylase NAT : N-acetyl transferase HIOMT : hydroxy-indole-o-methyltransferase

Catecholamines Serotonin and melatonin Tyrosine Tryptophan MAO TH TPH COMT MAO Dopa 5 -OH-Tryptophan AADC HVA Dopamine 5 -HT (serotonin) DBH MHPG Norepinephrine N-acetyl serotonin PNMT VMA NAT Epinephrine HIOMT Melatonin 5 -HIAA

아세틸콜린 Choline Acetyl-Co. A CAT Acetylcholine ACh. E Co. A Acetate CAT : Choline-acetyl-transferase ACh. E : acetylcholine esterase Choline

아미노산 신경전달물질 Excitatory amino acids : EAAs L-glutamate L-aspartate Inhibitory amino acids : IAAs GABA Glycine (? ) Neutral amino acids : others

Glutamine GABA neuron GABA와 Glutamate Glutamic acid GAD GABA-T Glutamic acid TCA cycle GABA Glial cell GABA Succinic semialdehyde Kreb’s cycle Succinate GAD : glutamic acid decarboxylase GABA-T : GABA transaminase

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

5 -HT

Acetylcholine

유리 Dopamine neuron CCK dynorphin kappa DA enkephalin endorphin delta mu mu Dopamine CCK GABA Neurotensin CCK-R - Neurotensin-R ? Neurotensin D 2 R DA DA Fig 7. Modulation of dopamine release

재흡수 reuptake COOH NH 2 cytoplasm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Neurotranmitter Transporters 신경전달물질 전송체 lumen Vesicular monoamine transporter extracellular 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 intracellular NH 2 COOH Plasma membrane monoamine transporter Fig 3. Structure of monoamine transporters

이온통로 Voltage-dependent ion channel N C Ligand-gated ion channel N C N C Fig 9. Two types of ion channel N C

이온통로 수용체 Nicotinic receptor Na+ GABAA receptor Cl- Acetylcholine a d g a b Fig 10. Ligand-gated ion channels benzodiazepine 5 subunits 4 TMDs each b a g a b GABA

G- 단백질 수용체 NH 2 113 204 207 g b COOH b-adrenoceptor Fig 13. G-protein coupled receptor and G-protein a. GTP adenylate cyclase

Tyrosine Kinase

Receptor dimerization 효소 수용체 extracellular Ligand a subunit ligand-binding domain ATP p tyr tyr p p tyr p ADP b subunit tyrosine kinase domain Fig 12. Tyrosine kinase Activated protein cytoplasmic