Neuroanatomy Brain Organization Spinal Cord Anatomy Dorsal Ventral

Neuroanatomy

Brain Organization

Spinal Cord Anatomy Dorsal Ventral Dorsal Horn: Sensory information in Ventral Horn: Motor information out

Brainstem: arousal center (ARAS) sensory in pathway motor out pathway Midbrain Superior Colliculus Inferior Colliculus Pons REM sleep Medulla breathing center cardiac center

Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) Arousal Center

I. Olfactory smell II. Optic vision III. Oculomotor eye movement IV. Trochlear eye movement V. Trigeminal face movement mastication VI. Abducens eye movement VII. Facial face/tongue movement VIII. Vestibulocochlear hearing/balance IX. Glossopharyngeal taste/swallowing X. Vagus parasympathetic NS XI. Accessory neck movement XII. Hypoglossal tongue movement swallowing Cranial Nerves

Cerebellum Motor Coordination Fine tuning of: sensory systems emotions learning and memory Autism • decreased cerebellum size

Thalamus and Hypothalamus Thalamus relay station Hypothalamus regulation center

Nucleus Reticularis Thalami NRT: GABA cells Gatekeeper

Hypothalamic Nuclei • hunger/thirst • blood pressure/heart rate • blood pressure/shivering • stress • sex • satiety • memory • reproduction • thermoregulation • circadian rhythms • reproduction

Limbic System Emotion Rewards Memory • smell • aggression • fear learning • memory • recognition memory • smell recognition?

Limbic System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia increased lateral ventricles

Limbic System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Reduced Hippocampus and Amygdala Normal Affected

Basal Ganglia Movement Parkinson’s Disease • cell death in • substantia nigra

Frontal: Strategy and Planning Motor area Parietal: Somatosensory area Temporal: Audition, Language Occipital: Vision Cortical Lobes

Cortical Lobe Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Atypical Frontal Lobe Structure • Evidence: • smaller forebrain • smaller cerebral cortex • smaller dorsolateral prefrontal cortex • fewer cortical neurons • smaller cortical neurons • abnormal neuronal development • neurons remain in white matter • fail to arrange in neat order • abnormal CAMs • less metabolic activity • hypofrontality • failure to increase activity following task • abnormal EEGs