NERVOUS SYSTEM Illness Injury Disease Concussion m TBI
NERVOUS SYSTEM Illness, Injury & Disease
Concussion (m. TBI) � � � Cause: A violent blow to the head or upper body that causes your bran to slide forcefully into the inner wall of the skull Signs and Symptoms: Headache, loss of consciousness, confusion, fatigue, vomiting, and nausea. Treatment: Rest (physically & mentally) gradually add activity when symptom free. Complications: Blurred vision, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, headache, nausea Interesting Facts: People who suffer from concussions generally recover quickly. However, in some cases symptoms can last for days or weeks
Subdural Hematoma � � � Cause: Sudden blow to the head caused by severe head injuries Signs & Symptoms: Severe headaches, nausea or vomiting, seizures, double vison, drowsiness, slurred speech Treatment: Surgery (Craniotomy), anti-seizure medications, corticosteriods(reduces inflammation) Complications: death or coma, recurrent hematoma, posttramatic seizure, CSF may leak, delayed neurologic deteroization Interesting facts: The hematomas can collect water increasing pressure and causing blood vessels to break
Epidural Hematoma � � � Cause: blood fills area between skull and covering of the brain, trauma or injury to the head Signs & Symptoms: confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, low alertness, headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, bruises behind the ears Treatment: medication, surgery, home care, rest, avoid contact Complications: high risk of death, brain damage, paralysis, weakness, headaches, difficulty walking Interesting Facts: Epidural hematoma can be spontaneous and starts with pain in the neck or back.
Spinal Chord Injury � � � Cause: result from damage to the vertebrae, ligament or disks of the spinal column or to the spinal cord itself Signs & Symptoms: Loss of feeling, movement, and bladder control, difficulty breathing Treatment: maintaining your ability to breathe, immobilize your neck, surgery Complications: respiratory problems, skin sensation is gone, low blood pressure Interesting Facts: men account for 80% of spinal chord injuries
Epilepsy � � � Causes- lack of oxygen during birth, fever, brain tumor, genetic factors, head trauma, stroke Signs & symptoms- dizziness, speech arrest, sweating, blackouts, unusual clumsiness Treatment- medications, surgery Complications- memory loss, violent behavior, skull/vertebral fracture, pulmonary edema Interesting Facts- Epilepsy is the worlds most common serious brain disorder
Epilepsy � � � Cause: symptom manifested by a large number of underling causes Symptoms: altered consciousness, motor activity sensory phenomena, or inappropriate behavior Care: anti-seizure medication, immediately sit or lie down to avoid injury, let the seizure happen without intervention other than protection from injury
Meningitis � � � Cause: inflammation of the meninges or membranes that surround the spinal cord and brain that is caused by infection; usually from the menigo coccus bacteria Symptoms: high fever, stiff “attack” in the neck, intense headache, nausea, vomiting sensitivity to light (photophobia) & sound (phonophobia), altered mental status/confusion. Care: refer athlete to physician immediately— CSF fluid must be analyzed
Viral Meningitis � � � Cause: mumps virus, measles virus, influenza virus Signs: fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea Treatment: antiviral medicine Complications: can be recurring Interesting facts: it can cured without any medication
Viral Meningitis � Viral meningitis is inflammation of the leptomeninges as a manifestation of central nervous system (CNS) infection. Viral meningitis is also often referred to as aseptic meningitis � Currently, more than 85% of viral meningitis cases are caused by nonpolio enteroviruses. � Enteroviruses enter the human host usually via the oral-fecal route, but can also spread through the respiratory route. � Viral meningitis can affect anyone. But infants younger than 1 month old and people whose immune systems are weak are at higher risk for severe infection. People who are around someone with viral meningitis have a chance of becoming infected with the virus that made that person sick, but they are not likely to develop meningitis as a complication of the illness. Factors that can increase your risk of viral meningitis include: Age � � Viral meningitis occurs mostly in children younger than age 5. Weakened immune system. � There are certain diseases, medications and surgical procedures that may weaken the immune system and increase risk of meningitis.
Meningitis (bacterial) � � � Cause: bacteria enters the bloodstream and travels to the brain & spinal cord. It can also occur when bacteria directly invades the meninges Signs & Symptoms: sudden fever, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, confusion Treatment: antibiotics (started ASAP) Complications: brain damage, seizures, hearing loss, hydrocephalus & subdural effusion Interesting Facts: In the U. S about 4, 100 cases (including 500 deaths) occurred each year between 2003 -2007
Bacterial Meningitis � Bacterial meningitis is usually severe. While most people with meningitis recover, it can cause serious complications, such as brain damage, hearing loss, or learning disabilities � Age Group Causes � Newborns: Group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes. Infants � Children: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b � Adolescents and Young Adults: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae. Older � Adults: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes
Bacterial Meningitis � The germs that cause bacterial meningitis can be contagious. Some bacteria can spread through the exchange of respiratory and throat secretions (e. g. , kissing). Fortunately, most of the bacteria that cause meningitis are as contagious as diseases like the common cold or the flu. The bacteria that cause meningitis spread to other people; this usually happens when there is close or long contact with a sick person in the same household or daycare center, or if they had direct contact with a patient's oral secretions. � Treatment � Bacterial meningitis can be treated effectively with antibiotics. It is important that treatment be started as soon as possible. Appropriate antibiotic treatment of the most common types of bacterial meningitis should reduce the risk of dying from meningitis to below 15%, although the risk remains higher among young infants and the elderly. � Prevention � The most effective way to protect you and your child against certain types of bacterial meningitis is to complete the recommended vaccine schedule. There are vaccines for three types of bacteria that can cause meningitis: Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).
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