Nervous system Divisions of nervous system Central nervous

Nervous system 神经系统

一、Divisions of nervous system Ⅰ) Central nervous system (CNS) 中枢神经系 Telencephalon 端脑 Brain 脑 CNS Diencephalon 间脑 Cerebellum 小脑 Brain stem 脑干 Midbrain 中脑 Pons 脑桥 Medulla oblongata 延髓 Spinal cord 脊髓

Ⅱ) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) 周围神经系统 按与中枢的连接部位 PNS Cranial n. 脑神经 (12 pairs) Spinal n. 脊神经 (31 pairs) Somatic nerve 躯体神经 按分布 的 对象 Visceral n. 内脏神经 Somatic sensory n. 躯体感觉神经 Somatic motor n. 躯体运动神经 Visceral sensory n. 内脏感觉神经 Visceral motor n. 内脏运动神经 Sympathetic part 交感神经 Parasympathetic part 副交感神经

二、神 经 系 统 组 成 cell body 胞体 Neurons I. Essential strunctures of nervous system 神经元 Dendrites 树突 Axon 轴突 Nuroglia: glial cell神经胶质细胞 神经胶质 Ⅰ) Structural classification Bipolar neuron 双极神经元 Pseudounipolar neuron 假单极神经元 Multipolar neuron 多极神经元 central branch 中枢支 peripheral branch 周围支

Ⅱ) Functional classification 依功能分类 Afferent (sensory) neuron 传入（感觉）神经元 Efferent (motor) neuron 传出（运动）神经元 Association neuron (interneuron) 联络（中间）神经元

II、reflex 反射 与 reflex arc 反射弧 n. Reflex: a reaction of the organism by the nervous system in response to a stimulus n. Reflex receptor 感受器 arc: consist of 5 basic components afferent neuron 传入神经 centre中枢 effector 效应器 efferent neuron 传出神经

Spinal nerves 脊神经 n. Formation: each spinal nerve is formed by union of anterior and posterior roots at intervertebral foramen The anterior root 前根－contains motor fibers for skeletal muscles. The posterior root 后根－contains sensory fibers whose cell bodies are in the spinal ganglion 脊神经节.

Spinal nerves 脊神经 Spinal ganglia脊神经节 is an enlargement of the posterior root near the intervertebral foramen which consist of the bodies of pseudounipolar neurons 假单极神经元。

Divisions of spinal nerves 脊神经的分部 : 31对脊神经分为 5 部分 cervical nerves 颈神经 8对 thoracic nerves 胸神经: 12对 lumbar nerves 腰神经: 5对 sacral nerves 骶神经 : 5对 coccygeal nerve 尾神经: 1对

branches of spinal nerves 脊神经的分支 n. Each spinal n. is divided into 4 branches after leaving the intervertebral foramen immediately anterior branche 前 支 posterior branche 后 支 meningeal branch 脊膜支 communicating branc 交通支: 连于交感干。

二、cervical plexus 颈丛 n Formation 构成： it consists of the anterior rami of C 1 -C 4 nerves. n Branches分支： Cutaneous branches皮支-分布到颈前部皮肤， Muscular brnches肌支--支 配颈部深层的肌肉。

Branches n Cutaneous branches: Lesser occipital 枕小神经 Great auricular 耳大神经 Transverse nerve of neck 颈横 神经 Supraclavicular nerves 锁骨上 神经 They emerge around middle of posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, to supply skin of neck and scalp between auricle and external occipital protuberance

n Muscular branches: supply the deep muscles of neck n Phrenic nerve 膈神经 arises from the of C 3 -C 5, innervation to diaphragm;

Phrenic nerve 膈神经 n Sensory fibers supply to pleurae, pericardium and peritoneum of diaphragm; usually right phrenic nerve may be distributed on live, gallbladder and biliary system.

二、 brachial plexus臂丛 Formation ： Formed by anterior rami of C 5 C 8 and T 1 nerves Passes through the scalene Position ： fissure (斜角肌间隙 ) to posterosuperior of subclavian artery, then enters the axilla to form three cords(束) which around the axillary atery. Medial cord 内侧束、 Lateral cord 外侧束 Posterior cord 后束

二、 brachial plexus臂丛 n. Branches 分支 Median nerve 正中神经 Musculocutaineous nerve 肌皮神经 Ulnar nerve 尺神经 Axillary nerve 腋神经 Radial nerve 桡神经

Anterior branche of thoracic nerve 胸神经前支 n胸神经前支 共 12对， n Intercostal nerves 肋间神经（T 1 -T 11）， 行于相应的肋间隙中； n. Subcostal nerve（T 2） 肋下神经 ，第 12肋下方。 n. Distribution: intercostales 肋间肌 anterolateral abdominal muscles腹前外侧壁肌； skin of thoracic and abdominal wall, parietal pleura and peritoneum

Anterior branches of thoracic nerves The distribution of the anterior branches of the thoracic n. is segmental. T 2 Sternal angle T 4 Nipple 乳头 T 6 Xiphoid process T 8 Costal arch T 10 Umbilicus 脐 T 12 Midpoint between umbilicus and symphysis pubis

四、lumbar plexus腰 Formation: anterior rami of L 1 -L 3, a part of anterior rami of T 12 and L 4 position ：lies behind the psoas major and beside the lumbar vertera 腰椎两侧，腰大肌的 深面， 丛

branches： Femoral 股神经 Obturator 闭孔神经 Cutaneous 股外侧皮神经 Genitofemoral 生殖股神经 Iliohypogastric 髂腹下神经 Ilioinguinal 髂腹股沟神经 Lateral femoral

Femoral n. 股神经 route： Runs downward and laterally between psoas major and iliacus, passes deep to inguinal ligament; disribution muscular branches--supplies anterior thigh muscles (quadriceps股四头 肌, sartorius 缝匠肌and pectineus耻骨肌),

Femoral n. 股神经 sensory branches--hip and knee joint, and skin on anteromedial side of thigh, saphenous nerve 隐神经 is distributed to skin of medial side of leg and foot

Obturator 闭孔神经 n Route： Enters thigh through obturator foramen; n Distribution： muscular branches--supplies medial group of muscles of thigh股内侧群 肌, obturator externus闭 孔外肌, sensory branches--- skin of medial side of thigh

Lateral femoral cutaneous 股外侧皮神经 n It arises from the lateral border of the psoas major and runs inferolateral to enter the thigh posterior to the inguinal lig. , just medial to the anterior superior iliac spine. it distribute to the skin over the lateral aspect of the thigh.

Genitofemoral 生殖股神经 n n It pierces the anterior surface of the psoas major and runs inferiorly , and divide into femoral and genital branches股 支和生殖支 The femoral branche distribute to the skin over the femoral triangle; and the genital branche distribute to the scrotum(greater lip of pudendum)

五、 sacral plexus 骶 丛 n formation ： formed by anterior rami of L 4 and L 5 spinal nerves (the lumbrosacral trunk) and anterior rami of sacral and coccygeal nerves Position: lies in pelvic cavity, anterior to sacrum and piriformis梨状肌 n

五、 sacral plexus 骶 丛 main branches Sciatic nerve 坐骨神经、 Pudendal nerve 阴部神经、 Superior gluteal n. 臀上神经 Inferior glureal n. 臀下神经 。

Sciatic nerve 坐骨神经 n n n Leaves pelvis through infrapiriform foramen to enter gluteal region, runs inferiorly deep to gluteus maximus, passing midway between the greater trochanter of femur and ischial tuberosity to back of thigh, lying deep to long head of biceps femoris, normally divided into tibial and common peroneal nerves just above popliteal fossa;

Sciatic nerve 坐骨神经 n it innervates semitendinosus半腱肌, semimembranosus半膜肌 and biceps femoris股二头 肌

n Tibial nerve 胫神经 Decends through popliteal fossa , then runs inferiorly with posterior tibial vessels and dividing into medial and lateral plantar nerves behind the medial malleolus内踝; supplies posterior muscles of leg and knee joint

Common peroneal nerve n Arises at apex of popliteal fossa and follows medial border of biceps femoris and its tendon; passes over posterior aspect of head of fibula and then winds around neck of fibula, deep to peroneus longus, where it divides into deep and superficial peroneal nerves 腓浅和腓深神经, to supply the anterior and lateral groups m. of the leg.

Superficial peroneal Deep peroneal