Nematodes and Soil Ecology Management of Plantparasitic Nematodes

Nematodes and Soil Ecology Management of Plant-parasitic Nematodes in Vineyards Howard Ferris Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California, Davis hferris@ucdavis. edu February, 2014 http: //plpnemweb. ucdavis. edu/Nemaplex

Introducing Nematodes………. • Nematodes, the most abundant multi-cellular animals on the planet, are unsegmented roundworms. • They inhabit soil, freshwater and marine environments. • Most are microscopic. • Many feed on micro-organisms while some are important parasites of humans, animals or plants. • Most soil forms are 1 mm or less in length. • They live in water films around soil particles.

All plant-parasitic nematodes have a hollow stylet or spear

Some nematode parasites of grapevines

Plant-feeding nematodes……. . • Cause mechanical injury and death of cells and tissues • Modify cell development and function • Alter photosynthate partitioning • Predispose plants to diseases and other stresses • Some vector plant viruses • Stunting, slow growth, dieback • Chlorosis and nutrient deficiencies • Wilting • Reduced yield • Lack of response to other treatments • Root symptoms

California Grapes: Co-distribution of Nematodes Many of these are not native species. Why are they there? …. . the importance of nursery North Coast Xiphinema index Criconemoides xenoplax Pratylenchus vulnus Central Coast Meloidogyne spp. Xiphinema index Criconemoides xenoplax Northern Interior/Foothills Criconemoides xenoplax Pratylenchus vulnus certification and clean planting stock Central Interior Meloidogyne spp. Xiphinema americanum Tylenchulus semipenetrans Criconemoides xenoplax Pratylenchus vulnus Southern Interior Meloidogyne spp. Xiphinema americanum Tylenchulus semipenetrans Criconemoides xenoplax

Nematode-free Planting Stock - Nurseries Dormant cuttings are bench-grafted, callused, and planted in field nurseries or finished in the greenhouse. • 70% are planted in nematode-free* soil at 10 -15 cm spacing, grown for 8 -9 months, undercut, and sold as rooted cuttings. • 30% are planted in sleeves of nematode-free planting medium, healed and established in greenhouses and then sold. • Hot water treatment at 53°C for 5 min to kill vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus) is now an industry standard. • Coincidentally, hot water treatment at 52°C for 5 min is recommended for nematode-infested nursery material. • CDFA Nursery Certification Program for nematode-free planting stock is voluntary but most rootstock production is certified. *Nematode-free soil is difficult to find and chemical disinfestation is less reliable as toxic biocides are withdrawn. Images: Sunridge Nurseries Mercier Nursery

Producing Clean Planting Stock Strategy A. 1. Select soil that is not infested with plant-parasitic nematodes 2. Test soil and plant material after rooting, discard if infested (CDFA certification) Strategy B. 1. Sites known to be infested or with unknown infestation status * a. 1, 3 -dichloropropene 319 + 159 kg/ha (14 -day interval) ** b. Methyl bromide (high density polyethylene film) 336 kg/ha ** c. Methyl bromide 336 + 168 kg/ha (7 -day interval) *- d. Combinations of 1, 3 -dichloropropene deep and methyl isothiocyanate superficial 2. Test soil and plant material after rooting, discard if infested (CDFA certification) Strategy C. Container-grown in nematode-free sterile media * ** *- Volatile Organic Compound regulations Volatile Organic Compound and Quarantine/Preshipment criteria (and cost) Volatile Organic Compound regulations (and poor weed control)

Management strategies for plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards…. • Preplant management – – – Planting site selection, non-host rotation Rootstock selection Certified nematode-free planting stock Preplant soil disinfestation, nematicides Clean equipment, water Biological antagonists and soil food web health • Postplant management – – Amendments Nematicides Cover crops Biological antagonists and soil food web health

Breeding and Selection for Broad and Durable Resistance a 15 -year process

M. incognita Race 3 M. javanica Meloidogyne pathotypes Harmony A&C M. chitwoodi X. index M. xenoplax P. vulnu Parentage T. semipenetrans X. ameriacanum Para. hamatus Genotype 101 -14 Mgt V. riparia, V. rupestris R S S MR S 1103 Paulsen V. solonis x V. riparia S S S MS S 110 Richter V. berlandieri, V. rupestris MR S S S S 140 Ruggeri V. berlandieri, V. rupestris MR S S S MS 1613 Couderc V. solonis, V. othello R R S S MR S MS S S 1616 Couderc V. solonis, V. riparia MR S S MS S 3309 Couderc V. riparia, V. rupestris S S S MS S S 420 A V. berlandieri, V. riparia R S S MS S 44 -53 Malegue V. riparia, V. cordifolia, V. rupestris S S MR MS S Ax. R 1 V. vinifera, V. rupestris S S S Borner V. riparia, V. cinerea R R S MS Dog Ridge V. champinii R R S S S MR MR MS R R S S? R MS MS MR R R S S MS S S Freedom Harmony V. champinii, V. longii, V. vinífera, V. riparia, V. labrusca K 51 -32 V. champinii, V. rupestris MR MS S R S S Kober 5 BB V. berlandieri, V. riparia R S S MS MR Ramsey V. champinii R R S S? MR S MS MS S S Riparia Gloire V. riparia R R S MR S RS-3 V. candicans, V. riparia, V. rupestris R R MR MR S S MR S hferris@ucdavis. edu http: //plpnemweb. ucdavis. edu/Nemaplex

M. incognita Race 3 M. javanica Meloidogyne pathotypes Harmony A&C M. chitwoodi X. index M. xenoplax P. vulnu Parentage T. semipenetrans X. ameriacanum Para. hamatus Genotype RS-9 V. candicans, V. riparia, V. rupestris R R S S MS S Schwarzmann V. riparia, V. rupestris S MR MS S St. George V. rupestris S S MS Teleki 5 C V. berlandieri, V. riparia MS MR MS S MS USDA 10 -17 A V. simpsoni, M. rotundifolia R R R MS R R USDA 10 -23 B V. doanianna R R R MR R R USDA 6 -19 B V. champinii R R MS R MR MR R VR O 39 -16 V. vinifera, M. rotundifolia S S S R R MR S MR MR UCD GRN 1 V. rupestris cv A. de Serres, M. rotundifolia cv Cowart R R MR R R R MS MR R R R MR MR MR MS R R MR MR MR V. rufotomentosa, V. champinii cv UCD GRN 2 Dog Ridge, V. riparia cv Riparia Gloire V. rufotomentosa, V. champinii cv UCD GRN 3 Dog Ridge), V. champinii cv c 9038, V. riparia cv Riparia Gloire V. rufotomentosa, V. champinii cv UCD GRN 4 Dog Ridge), V. champinii cv c 9038, V. riparia cv Riparia Gloire V. champinii cv Ramsey, V. UCD GRN 5 champinii cv c 9021), V. riparia cv Riparia Gloire hferris@ucdavis. edu http: //plpnemweb. ucdavis. edu/Nemaplex

finding the information……. Nemaplex: http: //plpnemweb. ucdavis. edu/nemaplex

Postplant Nematode Management • avoid introducing nematodes on equipment, people, water • water and fertility management appropriate to root system • increase organic matter for soil structure, water-holding capacity, nutrient value and to build soil food web • winter cover crops for soil building and nematicidal effects Enzone (CS 2 liberator) applied in irrigation water [ectoparasites +++, endo ? ] (Arysta Life. Science) Di. Tera (antibiotic) applied in irrigation water - drip or furrow - 20 lb per times per year acre three [ectoparasites ++, endo ? ] (Valent) Movento (spirotetramat) a lipid biosynthesis inhibitor with systemic activity – applied by foliar spray [ectoparasites ++, endo ++] (Bayer Crop. Science) • Notes: chemical nematicides may disrupt food web structure and function nematicide rotation to delay loss of efficacy

From Nemaplex: Cover crops for soil building………. . Some plants resistant or immune to Xiphinema index…. . Nemaplex – http: //plpnemweb. ucdavis. edu/nemaplex

Commercial Soil Amendments …for nematode management and soil health Farewell Microlife Microplex F-68 Soil Conditioner Clandosan 618 Superbac Agrosyn Guano Plus Quinoa Sesame Humic acid Compost Agri-50 Pent-a-vate Arise Fertilaid Zap Ammonium sulfate Ozone Probiotic ……. and more Potential Modes of Action • Contain beneficial microbes • Stimulate or provide resources for antagonists • Reduce plant stress (improved soil structure, moisture retention, plant nutrition) • Nematicidal breakdown products • …. . and sometimes……no effect

Soil Bacteria Protozoa m e t s Soil Nematodes y s co E il ces o S rvi e e h t s f Dis o s d m n s a i n es a Soil Microarthropods g c r i v O er e -S om S

Biological antagonists of nematodes

Economies of Ecosystems: Carbon and Energy are the Currencies CO 2 bacteria protozoa nematodes other arthropods organisms fungi ip h s carbohydrates and proteins w e t d r a S carbohydrates C and amino acids N fungi NO 3 Carbon and energy transfer CO 2 arthropods nematodes • Carbon is respired by all organisms in the food web NH 3 • The amounts NHof NH 3 3 Carbon and Energy available limit the size and activity of the web

Food Web Complexity and the Regulation Function Management practices in industrialized agriculture result in: Soil food web simplification Reduction in higher trophic levels Costa Rica, 2008

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