NCHRP 03 122 PERFORMANCEBASED MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS

NCHRP 03 -122 PERFORMANCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS

FOCUS FOR THE GUIDEBOOK NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Signal performance measures profoundly change all aspects of traffic signal operations from planning to design and implementation through betterinformed, data-driven decisions. This guidebook provides information to help agencies invest in signal performance measures as part of a comprehensive approach to performance-based management. 2 DECEMBER 2018

CHAPTER 1. ROADMAP TO PERFORMANCE MEASURES Introduction to signal performance measures, benefits, required investments, and the guidebook chapters. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 3 DECEMBER 2018

SIGNAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Report cycle-by-cycle events that can provide automated information for all aspects of traffic signal planning, design, and implementation through better-informed, data-driven decisions as part of a performance-based management approach. 4 DECEMBER 2018

AUTOMATED TRAFFIC SIGNAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES (ATSPMs) NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Developed using high-resolution controller data allowing for continuous monitoring of traffic flow and traffic signal operations with a high degree of granularity because events are recorded up to 10 times every second. 5 DECEMBER 2018

FLOW OF INFORMATION NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 6 DECEMBER 2018

ATSPMs TRADITIONAL STM 2 STEPS TRADITIONAL VERSUS PERFORMANCE-BASED SIGNAL TIMING PROCESS Trigger Event Identify Desired Outcomes Develop New Signal Timing Implement Monitor Document Program Signal Timing in Controller Field Observations Static Before/ After Study Program Signal Timing in Controller Review ATSPM Reports Dynamic ATSPM Reports Public Service Request or Periodic Retiming Field Observations Counts Automated Alert Review ATSPM Reports Determine Adjustments Using ATSPM Reports NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Model 7 DECEMBER 2018

SIGNAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE BENEFITS SOLVE PROBLEMS FASTER AUTOMATE ALERTS FOR PROACTIVE MANAGEMENT REDUCE MODELING NEEDS FOR EXISTING CONDITIONS NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 IDENTIFY HIGH-PRIORITY LOCATIONS 8 DECEMBER 2018 TRACK PROGRESS TOWARDS AGENCY GOALS PRODUCE SHARABLE REPORTS THAT SUMMARIZE IMPACTS

SIGNAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE BENEFITS BY STAKEHOLDER TRAFFIC SIGNAL ENGINEERS / TECHNICIANS Continuou slyavailable metrics Less modeling required TRAFFIC SIGNAL MANAGERS Comparabl e metrics for prioritizing activities Sharable reports POLICY DECISIONMAKERS IT STAFF Quantitativ e performan ce tracking Potential new role in the signal system group Real-time updates Automated alerts NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 9 DECEMBER 2018 OTHER AGENCY STAFF Continuou slyavailable metrics Benefit/co st informatio n PUBLIC Improved mobility Improved reliability Improved safety

ACTIVITIES THAT SUPPORT SIGNAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES SENIOR MANAGEMENT MID-LEVEL MANAGEMENT Clearly define staff roles and responsibilities when establishing a performance-based program Use projects to show signal performance measures can promote mission, goals, and objectives Promote use to improve signal system management practices NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 10 DECEMBER 2018 STAFF Support choices that will make signal performance measures a viable option in the future Educate managers about benefits for more effective and productive investments

SIGNAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE INVESTMENTS COMMUNICATION Remote access is critical for scalability DETECTION Arrival and departure information is critical for full performance measures DATA LOGGING DATA STORAGE SOFTWARE Several vendor and open-source options are available NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 11 DECEMBER 2018

IMPLEMENTING SIGNAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES 1 Select Performance Measures Chapters 2 Determine Implementation Scale 3 Conduct System Needs Gap Assessment 4 5 2+3 Chapter 4 Procure Resources NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 12 Configure System 6 Verify System 7 Apply Performance Measures 8 Integrate into Agency Practice DECEMBER 2018 Chapter 5 Chapter 6

CHAPTER 2. PERFORMANCE MEASURE SELECTION Align performance measures with agency goals, objectives, and methods of signal system management using the outcome-based process. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 13 DECEMBER 2018

OUTCOMEBASED PROCESS NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Results in signal timing that is based on the operating environment, users, user priorities by movement, and local operational objectives. 14 DECEMBER 2018

APPLYING THE STM 2 OUTCOMEBASED PROCESS Step 1 Define the Operating Environment Step 2 Identify Users Step 3 Establish User and Movement Priorities Step 4 Select Operational Objectives Step 5 Establish Performance Measures Step 6 Develop Timing Strategies and Values Step 7 Implement and Observe Step 8 Monitor and Maintain NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 15 DECEMBER 2018 Step 1 Chapter 2 Performance Measure Selection Step 2 Chapter 3 Performance Measure Details Step 3 Chapter 4 System Needs for Performance Measures Step 4 Chapter 5 Implementation of Performance Measures Step 5 Chapter 6 Integration into Agency Practice

OBJECTIVE-BASED CATEGORIES FOR SIGNAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES 1 2 3 4 5 Modified from Integrating Traffic Signal Performance Measures into Agency Business Processes (Day et al. 2015). Maximize number of connected intersections COMMUNICATION Maximize number of functioning detectors DETECTION INTERSECTION / UNCOORDINATED TIMING SYSTEM / COORDINATED TIMING ADVANCED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS Minimize delay for transportation system users Improve safety Improve priority movements (i. e. progression) Minimize delay for modes with preferential treatment Manage traffic variability NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 16 DECEMBER 2018

Communication Equipment Health Detection Equipment Health Vehicle Delay Pedestrians Bicycles Safety Vehicle Progression Rail Emergency Vehicles OBJECTIVES NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Transit Trucks 17 DECEMBER 2018

COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT HEALTH 1 2 3 4 5 COMMUNICATION AGGREGATED STATUS REPORT(S) • Percent of connected signals communicating DETECTION INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE(S) • 3. 1 Communication Status • 3. 2 Flash Status • 3. 3 Power Failures INTERSECTION / UNCOORDINATED TIMING SYSTEM / COORDINATED TIMING ADVANCED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 18 DECEMBER 2018

DETECTION EQUIPMENT HEALTH 1 2 3 4 5 COMMUNICATION DETECTION AGGREGATED STATUS REPORT(S) • Percent of detectors fully functional by mode (e. g. , vehicle, pedestrian, bicycle, rail, emergency vehicle, transit, truck) INTERSECTION / UNCOORDINATED TIMING INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE(S) • 3. 4 Detection System Status • 3. 5 Vehicle Volumes • 3. 6 Phase Termination • 3. 12 Pedestrian Volumes • 3. 13 Pedestrian Phase Actuation & Service • 3. 25 Preemption Details SYSTEM / COORDINATED TIMING • 3. 26 Priority Details ADVANCED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 19 DECEMBER 2018

VEHICLE DELAY 1 2 3 4 5 COMMUNICATION DETECTION INTERSECTION / UNCOORDINATED TIMING AGGREGATED STATUS REPORT(S) • Average vehicle delay INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE(S) • 3. 5 Vehicle Volumes • Percent of cycles with unserved vehicles • Percent of movements at or near capacity • 3. 6 Phase Termination • 3. 7 Split Monitor • 3. 8 Split Failures • 3. 9 Estimated Vehicle Delay • 3. 10 Estimated Queue Length SYSTEM / COORDINATED TIMING • 3. 11 Oversaturation Severity Index ADVANCED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS • 3. 24 Time-Space Diagram • 3. 18 Effective Cycle Length NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 20 DECEMBER 2018

PEDESTRIANS 1 2 3 4 5 COMMUNICATION DETECTION AGGREGATED STATUS REPORT(S) • Minimum, maximum, and average pedestrian delay INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE(S) • 3. 12 Pedestrian Volumes • Percent of movements with high pedestrian activity INTERSECTION / UNCOORDINATED TIMING • 3. 13 Pedestrian Phase Actuation & Service • 3. 14 Estimated Pedestrian Delay • 3. 15 Estimated Pedestrian Conflicts • 3. 18 Effective Cycle Length SYSTEM / COORDINATED TIMING ADVANCED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 21 DECEMBER 2018

BICYCLES 1 2 3 4 5 COMMUNICATION DETECTION AGGREGATED STATUS REPORT(S) • Minimum, maximum, and average bicycle delay INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE(S) • 3. 5 Vehicle Volumes • Percent of movements with high bicycle activity • 3. 9 Estimated Vehicle Delay • 3. 18 Effective Cycle Length INTERSECTION / UNCOORDINATED TIMING SYSTEM / COORDINATED TIMING ADVANCED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 22 DECEMBER 2018

SAFETY 1 2 3 4 5 COMMUNICATION DETECTION INTERSECTION / UNCOORDINATED TIMING AGGREGATED STATUS REPORT(S) • Percent of movements with queues that exceed storage INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE(S) • 3. 10 Estimated Queue Length • Percent of vehicles entering on red • Number of conflicting movements • 3. 11 Oversaturation Severity Index • 3. 15 Estimated Pedestrian Conflicts • 3. 16 Yellow/Red Actuations • 3. 17 Red-Light-Running (RLR) Occurrences SYSTEM / COORDINATED TIMING ADVANCED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 23 DECEMBER 2018

VEHICLE PROGRESSION 1 2 3 4 5 COMMUNICATION DETECTION AGGREGATED STATUS REPORT(S) • Percent of vehicles arriving on green • Percent of vehicles arriving on red INTERSECTION / UNCOORDINATED TIMING INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE(S) • 3. 5 Vehicle Volumes • 3. 10 Estimated Queue Length • 3. 11 Oversaturation Severity Index • 3. 18 Effective Cycle Length • 3. 19 Progression Quality • 3. 20 Purdue Coordination Diagram SYSTEM / COORDINATED TIMING • 3. 21 Cyclic Flow Profile ADVANCED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS • 3. 23 Travel Time and Average Speed • 3. 22 Offset Adjustment Diagram • 3. 24 Time-Space Diagram NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 24 DECEMBER 2018

RAIL 1 2 3 4 5 COMMUNICATION DETECTION INTERSECTION / UNCOORDINATED TIMING SYSTEM / COORDINATED TIMING AGGREGATED STATUS REPORT(S) • Percent of preempt calls received at design value or no more than specified value INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE(S) • 3. 25 Preemption Details • Percent of track clearance green intervals completed before train arrival • Average delay due to preemption ADVANCED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 25 DECEMBER 2018

EMERGENCY VEHICLES 1 2 3 4 5 COMMUNICATION DETECTION INTERSECTION / UNCOORDINATED TIMING AGGREGATED STATUS REPORT(S) • Percent of emergency vehicles arriving on green INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE(S) • 3. 25 Preemption Details • Percent of emergency vehicles arriving on red • Average delay due to preemption SYSTEM / COORDINATED TIMING ADVANCED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 26 DECEMBER 2018

TRANSIT 1 2 3 4 5 COMMUNICATION DETECTION INTERSECTION / UNCOORDINATED TIMING AGGREGATED STATUS REPORT(S) • Percent of transit vehicles arriving on green INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE(S) • 3. 26 Priority Details • Percent of transit vehicles arriving on red • Average delay due to priority event SYSTEM / COORDINATED TIMING ADVANCED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 27 DECEMBER 2018

TRUCKS 1 2 3 4 5 COMMUNICATION DETECTION INTERSECTION / UNCOORDINATED TIMING AGGREGATED STATUS REPORT(S) • Percent of trucks arriving on green INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE(S) • 3. 26 Priority Details • Percent of trucks arriving on red • Average delay due to priority event SYSTEM / COORDINATED TIMING ADVANCED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 28 DECEMBER 2018

IMPLEMENTATION SCALE OPTIONS PILOT PROJECT SYSTEMATIC UPGRADES Description. Test at select intersections. þ Advantage(s). Reduced installation costs and required staff time. Challenge(s). Limited locations with available performance measures. Description. Upgrade as part of other projects. SYSTEM-WIDE IMPLEMENTATION Description. Deploy at all intersections. þ Advantage(s). Limited upfront investment and ability to conduct thorough gap assessment. þ Advantage(s). Ability to track performance measures across the system. Challenge(s). Upgraded equipment may be inconsistent. Challenge(s). Increased installation costs and required staff time. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 29 DECEMBER 2018

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Pooled Fund Study Reports and Workshop Utah DOT Open Source Software Performance Measures for Traffic Signal Systems: An Outcome-Oriented Approach Utah Department of Transportation ATSPM Website Integrating Traffic Signal Performance Measures into Agency Business Processes FHWA Open Source Application Development Portal (OSADP) ATSPM Source Code January 2016 ATSPM Workshop Presentations Utah Department of Transportation ATSPM Git. Hub Development Website High-Resolution Data Enumerations Indiana Traffic Signal Hi Resolution Data Logger Enumerations AASHTO Innovation Initiative ATSPM Webinars NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 30 DECEMBER 2018 NCHRP 3 -90: Operation of Traffic Signals in Oversaturated Conditions Operation of Traffic Signal Systems in Oversaturated Conditions, Volume 1: Practitioner Guidance Operation of Traffic Signal Systems in Oversaturated Conditions, Volume 2: Final Report FHWA Every Day Counts FHWA EDC-4 ATSPM Website

CHAPTER 3. PERFORMANCE MEASURE DETAILS Learn about 26 signal performance measures – required inputs, resulting outputs, example applications, and additional references. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 31 DECEMBER 2018

3. 1 Communication Status 3. 11 Oversaturation Severity Index 3. 2 Flash Status 3. 12 Pedestrian Volumes 3. 3 Power Failures 3. 13 Pedestrian Phase Actuation and Service 3. 4 Detection System Status 3. 14 Estimated Pedestrian Delay 3. 5 Vehicle Volumes 3. 15 Estimated Pedestrian Conflicts 3. 6 Phase Termination 3. 16 Yellow/Red Actuations 3. 7 Split Monitor 3. 17 Red-Light-Running (RLR) Occurrences 3. 8 Split Failures 3. 18 Effective Cycle Length 3. 9 Estimated Vehicle Delay 3. 19 Progression Quality 3. 10 Estimated Queue Length 3. 20 Purdue Coordination Diagram 3. 21 Cyclic Flow Profile 3. 22 Offset Adjustment Diagram 3. 23 Travel Time and Average Speed PERFORMANCE MEASURES NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 3. 24 Time-Space Diagram 3. 25 Preemption Details 3. 26 Priority Details 32 DECEMBER 2018

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS DESCRIPTION Reports controller online/offline status. COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify communication equipment that is malfunctioning. • Compare different types of communication. • Which corridor has the greatest need for communication investments? • Have maintenance efforts improved communication? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 33 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 2 FLASH STATUS DESCRIPTION Reports intersections that have experienced unscheduled flash events. COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify intersections operating in flash. • Determine frequency and duration of flash events to identify cause(s). • Do any intersections consistently experience unscheduled flash events? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 34 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 3 POWER FAILURES DESCRIPTION Reports intersections that have experienced power failures. COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify power equipment that is malfunctioning. • Identify locations that can benefit from BPS systems. • Identify battery life typically required for BPS systems. • Are any corridors experiencing consistent power failures? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 35 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS DESCRIPTION Reports detector failures. COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify detection equipment that is malfunctioning. • Compare different types of detection. • Are any corridors experiencing consistent detection issues? • Have maintenance efforts improved detection? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 36 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES DESCRIPTION Reports the number of vehicles (or bicycles depending on available detection) making individual movements. COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify time-of-day plan adjustments. • Identify intersections with high vehicle volumes (to compare to capacity). • Identify intersections with high bicycle volumes (depending on available detection). • Identify detection equipment that is malfunctioning. STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 • When are the peak traffic periods and what is their duration? • How were traffic volumes impacted during a special event? 37 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION DESCRIPTION Reports phase termination types (i. e. max-outs, force-offs, gap-outs, skips). COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify phases that potentially require an adjustment to green time (proxy for split failures). • Identify detection equipment that is malfunctioning. • Do any phases need an adjustment to green time? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 38 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR DESCRIPTION Reports phase duration compared to programmed split (along with phase termination type). COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify phases that potentially require an adjustment to green time (proxy for split failures). • Identify amount of green time adjustment (i. e. time to add or subtract). • Are the splits programmed in a special event plan adequately serving traffic? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 39 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES DESCRIPTION Reports the number of split failures (i. e. when there were unserved vehicles). COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify phases and/or intersections experiencing split failures (i. e. requiring adjustments to green time or detection settings). • Are there corridors that can benefit from split adjustments? During which time periods? • Did implementation of an adaptive cycle length improve the number of split failures? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 40 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY DESCRIPTION Estimates delay of vehicles (or bicycles depending on available detection). COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify phases/intersections with high vehicle delay. • Identify phases/intersections with high bicycle delay (depending on available detection). • Did split adjustments improve vehicle delay? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 41 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH DESCRIPTION Estimates length of vehicle queues. COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify locations and durations of long queues. • What times of day is an approach experiencing long queues? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 42 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX DESCRIPTION Estimates the prevalence of temporal and spatial oversaturation. UNCOORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify oversaturated intersections and possible mitigations. • Did signal timing adjustments improve oversaturated conditions (i. e. downstream blockages and split failures)? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 DETECTION 43 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES DESCRIPTION Reports the number of pedestrians making individual movements. COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify time-of-day plan adjustments. • Identify intersections with high pedestrian volumes. • Identify pedestrian detection equipment that is malfunctioning. • What is the pedestrian demand during different times of day? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 44 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE DESCRIPTION Reports the number of times that pedestrian phases were actuated and served. UNCOORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify intersections with high frequencies of pedestrian phase service. • Identify detection equipment that is malfunctioning. • What times of day have high pedestrian actuations (and resulting pedestrian phase service)? • Will an exclusive pedestrian phase impact how often pedestrians request service (using the push button)? • Which locations (i. e. signalized intersections and corridors) have high rates of pedestrian activity? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 DETECTION 45 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY DESCRIPTION Reports the amount of time between pedestrian phase actuation to service. ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify phases/intersections with high pedestrian delay. • Are there times of day when pedestrians are experiencing long delays? • What level of service are pedestrians experiencing at a signalized intersection? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 COORDINATED 46 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS DESCRIPTION Estimates potential for vehicle-to-pedestrian conflicts. UNCOORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify intersections with a high number of potential conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians. • What are the highest conflicting vehicular flow rates across pedestrian crossings? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 47 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS DESCRIPTION Reports vehicle actuations relative to the yellow and red times. COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify intersections with high numbers of red-light-running vehicles and/or severe violations. • Are there times of day with high numbers of vehicles running the red light? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 48 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES DESCRIPTION Reports the total number of red-lightrunning vehicles. UNCOORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify intersections with high numbers of red-light-running vehicles and/or severe violations. • Did a split increase result in a reduced number of red-lightrunning vehicles? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 49 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH DESCRIPTION Reports the effective cycle length (amount of time used to serve all phases). COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Confirm coordinated plans are operating as intended. • Confirm how adaptive systems are adjusting effective cycle lengths. • What are the seasonal impacts on effective cycle length for a corridor utilizing an adaptive system? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 50 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY DESCRIPTION Reports percent on green, platoon ratio, and/or arrival type. COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify intersections/ corridors with poor progression (i. e. low POG, platoon ratios, or arrival types). • Are there intersections along a corridor experiencing lower progression quality? • Did offset adjustments increase or decrease progression quality along a corridor? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 51 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION Shows individual vehicle arrival times relative to green intervals. UNCOORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify when vehicles are arriving during the cycle (i. e. on green or red) for a particular phase or overlap at an intersection. • Did offset adjustments improve progression for a particular approach at an intersection? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 52 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE DESCRIPTION Reports the distribution of vehicle arrivals relative to the distribution of green. COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify intersections/ corridors with poor progression. • How much and at which locations did offset adjustments improve progression along a corridor? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 53 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION Estimates potential progression quality using different offset adjustments. ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify corridors with potential for progression improvement from offset adjustments. • Estimate impact of proposed offset adjustments. • What is the potential for progression improvement along a coordinated corridor? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 COORDINATED 54 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED DESCRIPTION Measures or estimates vehicle travel times (or conversely, average speeds) on defined routes. UNCOORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify corridors with high/ low travel times and speeds. • Did offset adjustments impact corridor speeds? • Where are the most critical intersections based on travel times and reliability? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 DETECTION 55 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION Can depict the actual signal timing at intersections; GPS trajectories potentially can be overlaid. COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify corridors with small green bands (i. e. poor opportunities for progression). • Is the signal timing resulting in expected green bands? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 56 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS DESCRIPTION Reports timing information for individual preemption events. COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify intersections with high numbers of preemption events. • Identify intersections with preemption events causing high delay for other transportation system users. • Are vehicles being consistently cleared from the railroad tracks during the track clearance green interval? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 57 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

COMMUNICATION DETECTION UNCOORDINATED 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS DESCRIPTION Reports timing information for individual priority events. COORDINATED ADVANCED EXAMPLE USES APPLICATIONS • Identify intersections with high numbers of priority events. • Identify intersections with priority events causing high delay for other transportation system users. • How many transit signal priority requests were made, and how were they served (i. e. early green or green extend)? • How often are priority requests being made on a bus rapid transit corridor? DATA SOURCES CONTROLLER HIGHRESOLUTION CENTRAL SYSTEM LOWRESOLUTION STAKEHOLDERS ORGANIZATIONAL VENDOR-SPECIFIC PLANNING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION AVI / AVL / SEGMENT SPEED OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 58 DECEMBER 2018 OBJECTIVES EQUIPMENT HEALTH VEHICLE DELAY VEHICLE PROGRESSION PEDESTRIANS BICYCLES RAIL EMERGENCY VEHICLES TRANSIT TRUCKS SAFETY

CHAPTER 4. SYSTEM NEEDS FOR PERFORMANCE MEASURES Determine if resources need to be procured to achieve selected signal performance measures. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 59 DECEMBER 2018

GAP ASSESSMENT NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Determine if additional equipment and/or staff are needed to deploy desired signal performance measures, considering agency resources as well as those that may be shared with other agencies. 60 DECEMBER 2018

EXISTING RESOURCE CHECKLIST WORKFORCE SYSTEM COMPONENTS Communication ¨ Communication available? Detection ¨ ¨ As-built drawings? Detector channel mapping? Lane-by-lane wiring? Detector locations? Data Logging ¨ ¨ Hardware? Firmware? Upgrade required? High-resolution data available? Data Storage ¨ Server available? ¨ Cloud-based solution available? ¨ Available storage capacity? Software ¨ Database available? ¨ Central system available? NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Staffing Resources ¨ ¨ ¨ Signal engineers/technicians? IT staff? Experience? Ongoing training? Senior/executive managers? Senior-level support? BUSINESS PROCESSES Documentation 61 Coordination DECEMBER 2018 ¨ Traffic Signal Management Plan? ¨ Business process documented? ¨ ATSPM documented in policy? ¨ Design and maintenance standards? ¨ ATSPM budget line item? ¨ Partner agencies? ¨ Shared staff resources? ¨ Shared technology?

EXTERNAL DATA NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Sources that measure traffic performance without using information from a traffic signal controller, such as manual turning movement counts, floating car travel times, and connected vehicle location information. 62 DECEMBER 2018

INTERNAL DATA NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Sources that capture traffic signal controller events, such as the signal state and detection events collected through high-resolution data. 63 DECEMBER 2018

Controller High-Resolution Data Central System Low-Resolution Data Vendor-Specific Data Automated Vehicle Identification (AVI) Data DATA SOURCES NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Probe Vehicle Segment Speed Data Automated Vehicle Location (AVL) Data Connected Vehicle (CV) Data 64 DECEMBER 2018

CONTROLLER HIGH-RESOLUTION DATA DESCRIPTION Timestamped “events” (e. g. , detector inputs and signal display outputs) recorded by the controller at 1/10 second resolution. INTERNAL EXAMPLE DATA: 1/10 -SECOND ENUMERATIONS TIMESTAMP EVENT CODE PARAMETER 02/15/17 12: 01: 16. 0 8 4 Phase 4 Begin Yellow Clearance 02/15/17 12: 01: 16. 0 8 8 Phase 8 Begin Yellow Clearance 02/15/17 12: 01: 19. 4 81 9 Detector 9 Off 02/15/17 12: 01: 19. 5 10 4 Phase 4 Begin Red Clearance 02/15/17 12: 01: 19. 5 10 8 Phase 8 Begin Red Clearance 02/15/17 12: 01: 20. 0 1 2 Phase 2 Begin Green 02/15/17 12: 01: 20. 0 1 6 Phase 6 Begin Green 02/15/17 12: 01: 25. 5 82 19 Detector 19 On 02/15/17 12: 01: 28. 0 81 19 Detector 19 Off 02/15/17 12: 01: 29. 3 82 9 Detector 9 On þ CAPABILITIES CHALLENGES • Highly-detailed records allow a wide variety of signal performance measures to be calculated. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 DESCRIPTION 65 DECEMBER 2018 • Because of the large amount of data, system management may be challenging.

CENTRAL SYSTEM LOW-RESOLUTION DATA DESCRIPTION Volumes, detector occupancies, green times, and phase terminations aggregated for a selected time period (e. g. , one, five, or 15 minutes) by the central system. INTERNAL EXAMPLE DATA: 15 -MINUTE VOLUMES TIMESTAMP NBL NBT NBR EBL EBT WBR 03/07/18 17: 00 -17: 15 12 21 77 78 329 258 128 03/07/18 17: 15 -17: 30 10 20 61 92 323 265 126 03/07/18 17: 30 -17: 45 3 21 65 107 376 273 110 03/07/18 17: 45 -18: 00 6 27 68 92 297 275 124 03/07/18 18: 00 -18: 15 9 27 44 92 310 248 120 03/07/18 18: 15 -18: 30 8 22 67 91 284 199 116 03/07/18 18: 30 -18: 45 7 25 60 92 278 184 141 03/07/18 18: 45 -19: 00 5 20 51 94 230 181 114 03/07/18 19: 00 -19: 15 7 22 48 90 213 156 109 03/07/18 19: 15 -19: 30 11 20 40 105 226 162 138 þ CAPABILITIES CHALLENGES • Readily available to an agency using a central system. May provide an interim solution to performance-based management. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 66 DECEMBER 2018 • Level of detail is typically low, so in-depth, cycle-by-cycle analysis will not be possible. • Equipment interoperability may be an issue with some central systems.

VENDOR-SPECIFIC DATA DESCRIPTION Data collected by detection systems, preemption systems, and adaptive control systems. INTERNAL EXAMPLE DATA: ADAPTIVE SPLITS PH 1 PH 2 PH 3 PH 4 PH 5 PH 6 PH 7 PH 8 Active Split (Sec) 11 18 15 16 12 17 15 16 Utilization (%) 100 69 95 81 100 61 61 63 Next Split (Sec) 13 19 14 14 14 18 15 13 þ CAPABILITIES CHALLENGES • Detailed, cycle-by-cycle metrics can be obtained from certain types of proprietary systems. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 67 DECEMBER 2018 • Interoperability with equipment from other vendors is unlikely except where the traffic signal cabinet and controller are modern, standards-based equipment compatible with other software and firmware.

AUTOMATED VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION (AVI) DATA DESCRIPTION Travel time, route choice, and origindestination estimated through identification of unique vehicle identifiers at multiple locations (using Bluetooth MAC addresses, Wi-Fi network IDs, physical detector signatures, or toll tag readers). INTERNAL EXAMPLE DATA: BLUETOOTH MAC ADDRESS TRAVEL TIMES START TIME END TIME IDENTIFIER TRAVEL TIME (SEC) SPEED (MPH) 12/01/17 13: 18: 29. 0 12/01/17 13: 20: 11. 0 1 AC 5 D 6 102 26. 0 12/01/17 13: 18: 46. 0 12/01/17 13: 20: 42. 0 005 FE 5 116 22. 8 12/01/17 13: 20: 14. 0 12/01/17 13: 22: 06. 0 314324 112 23. 6 12/01/17 13: 22: 14. 0 12/01/17 13: 23: 45. 0 770 FB 0 91 29. 1 12/01/17 13: 22: 58. 0 12/01/17 13: 25: 14. 0 222655 136 19. 5 12/01/17 13: 22: 59. 0 12/01/17 13: 25: 15. 0 0055 CF 136 19. 5 12/01/17 13: 24: 16. 0 12/01/17 13: 25: 50. 0 59 D 7 E 7 94 28. 2 12/01/17 13: 26. 0 12/01/17 13: 28: 51. 0 D 154 A 9 145 18. 3 12/01/17 13: 28: 30. 0 12/01/17 13: 30: 55. 0 89 B 8 A 1 145 18. 3 12/01/17 13: 28: 59. 0 12/01/17 13: 31: 33. 0 B 6 C 049 154 17. 2 þ CAPABILITIES CHALLENGES • Allows corridor-level data to be collected at a much higher rate than through manual methods such as floating-car studies. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 68 DECEMBER 2018 • Minimum of two sensors are required on each individual route. Developing travel times for many routes or for turning movements requires a higher number of sensors.

PROBE VEHICLE SEGMENT SPEED DATA DESCRIPTION Average speeds on predefined segments aggregated using data from individual probe vehicles. INTERNAL EXAMPLE DATA: NPMRDS SEGMENT SPEEDS TIMESTAM AVERAGE SPEED REFERENCE SPEED (MPH) TRAVEL TIME (MIN) P (MPH) 09/01/14 110 N 04178 72 57 67 0. 82 0: 00 09/01/14 110 N 04179 89 59 67 0. 61 0: 00 09/01/14 110 -04175 61 53 65 1. 51 0: 00 09/01/14 110 -04176 62 57 68 0. 48 0: 00 09/01/14 110 -04177 63 59 67 1. 05 0: 00 09/01/14 110 -04178 72 57 67 0. 83 0: 00 09/01/14 110 -04179 89 59 67 0. 24 0: 00 • Constrained by the segment definitions used • Data can provide 24/7 coverage of the entire 09/01/14 by the data provider, which may not 0. 54 align with 110 N 04175 53 65 roadway network without the 61 agency needing 0: 00 segments of interest to the agency. to install field equipment. 09/01/14 110 N 04176 62 57 0: 00 in real-time and for past • Data is provided 68 as an average. The 0. 83 full • Available both 09/01/14 degree of variation performance (potentially going 110 N 04177 63 back several 59 67 within a small time 0. 07 period 0: 00 may not be available. years). TMC þ CAPABILITIES NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 CHALLENGES 69 DECEMBER 2018

AUTOMATED VEHICLE LOCATION (AVL) DATA DESCRIPTION Timestamped GPS coordinates of probe vehicles collected using external hardware or “crowd-sourced” applications. GPS coordinates for probe bicycles and pedestrians could also be obtained. INTERNAL EXAMPLE DATA: TIMESTAMPED POSITION RECORDS Reference: Day, C. M. , D. M. Bullock, H. Li, S. M. Lavrenz. , W. B. Smith, and J. R. Sturdevant. 2016. Integrating Traffic Signal Performance Measures into Agency Business Processes. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. http: //dx. doi. org/10. 5703/1288284316063 þ CAPABILITIES CHALLENGES • No field infrastructure is required to collect the data. • There is a potential for highly-detailed analysis of individual movements. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 70 DECEMBER 2018 • Map-matching process required to extract information about individual movements. • Sample rates are currently low (about 1% or less of traffic volumes). • Complex geometries, such as where bridges occur, may be difficult to analyze. • Concerns over privacy remain to be resolved.

CONNECTED VEHICLE (CV) DATA DESCRIPTION CV data is similar to AVL data but contains more information about vehicle characteristics. It is defined by the SAE J 2735 standard, which includes Basic Safety Messages (BSM), Signal Phase and Timing (SPa. T) messages, and likely traveler information messages in the future. INTERNAL EXAMPLE DATA: VEHICLE POSITION IN THE LANE Reference: U. S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). 2015. Safety Pilot Model Deployment – Sample Data Environment Data Handbook. þ CAPABILITIES CHALLENGES • Extremely detailed information (beyond vehicle position) can be extracted. • Data will be available in real time, so could potentially be used for signal control applications. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 71 DECEMBER 2018 • Significant amount of map-matching is required to make use of the data. • The number of vehicles deployed with the necessary equipment is currently low. • Significant amount of infrastructure may need to be deployed to obtain the data. • Concerns over privacy remain to be resolved.

ATSPM SYSTEM COMPONENTS COMMUNICATION DETECTION DATA LOGGING High-Resolution Data DATA STORAGE Hardware Other Data Source Cloud Operating System Software Database Software Connection between field devices and central office required for automated data collection. Equipment used to detect presence of roadway users required for many measures. Traffic signal controller with onboard data logger or external data collection unit. Vendor-specific equipment. Servers for hosting and workstations/laptops for accessing applications, services, and data. Server hosted by private-sector vendor with cloud access. Required for basic operation of server hardware. Required for storing and managing data. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 72 DECEMBER 2018

COMMUNICATION OPTIONS DESCRIPTION Connection between field devices and central office required for automated data collection. • • • CONSIDERATIONS Fiber-optic communication Point-to-point wireless bridging Internet-based options Commercial cellular communication Legacy systems (i. e. DSL and dial-up) NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 73 DECEMBER 2018 • • Speed Latency Bandwidth Acceptable downtime Network architecture In-cabinet data storage options Network security

DETECTION OPTIONS DESCRIPTION Equipment used to detect presence of roadway users required for many measures. • • CONSIDERATIONS Stop bar presence Stop bar count Advance Automated Vehicle Identification (AVI) Automated Vehicle Location (AVL) Pedestrian Speed NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 74 DECEMBER 2018 • Distance from the stop bar (i. e. advance, stop bar, past the stop bar) • Type of wiring (i. e. lane-by-lane, multi-lane) • Type of detection (i. e. presence, count) • Filtering options (e. g. , speed settings) • Detector channel mapping

EXAMPLE DETECTION LOCATIONS NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Adapted from “UDOT Automated Traffic Signal Performance Measures” (Mackey 2017). 75 DECEMBER 2018

DATA LOGGING DESCRIPTION Equipment used to collect data – controllers or external data collection units. OPTIONS CONSIDERATIONS • Traffic signal controller with onboard data logger • External data collection unit • Central system NTCIP-polling • Vendor-specific equipment NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 76 DECEMBER 2018 • Type of data (i. e. high-resolution data, other data source) • Required firmware upgrades • Data-logging features enabled

DATA STORAGE DESCRIPTION Equipment used to store data – local servers or cloud-based options. OPTIONS CONSIDERATIONS • Local servers (and workstations/laptops) • Cloud access to server hosted by privatesector vendor NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 77 DECEMBER 2018 • • Processing power Memory Storage requirements Accessing data Database management Data archiving Data aggregation

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION Software used to convert data into signal performance measures. OPTIONS CONSIDERATIONS • Operating system software: Windows, Linux • Database software: Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS), No. SQL varieties, Cassandra • ATSPM system software: Open source software, agency-developed software, vendor -developed software • Central system software NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 78 DECEMBER 2018 • • • Features Compatibility and dependencies Integration with existing systems Scalability Setting configuration User interface Data exporting Alerts, thresholds, and reports User authentication and security Technical support Coordination required with IT staff

CHAPTER 5. IMPLEMENTATION OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES Program intersections, verify the ATSPM system is reporting accurate information, and use reports to make signal timing and maintenance adjustments. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 79 DECEMBER 2018

INTERSECTION CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS DATA LOGGING Signal ID Controller DETECTION ¨ Number (e. g. , IP address) Approach ¨ Controller Type ¨ Firmware Version Phase Channel Type Location (Advance Only) NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 80 ¨ Northbound ¨ Southbound ¨ Westbound ¨ Eastbound ¨ Number (e. g. , Phases 1 -8) ¨ Number (e. g. , Channels 1 -96) ¨ Stop Bar Presence ¨ Stop Bar Count ¨ Advance ¨ AVI/AVL ¨ Pedestrian ¨ Speed ¨ Distance from stop bar (e. g. , 400 feet) ¨ Speed on approach (e. g. , 40 mph) ¨ Left 1, 2, n Lane ¨ Left-Thru 1, 2, n DECEMBER 2018 Number ¨ Thru 1, 2, n ¨ Thru-Right 1, 2, n ¨ Right 1, 2, n

Data Availability Timestamps Intersection Configuration VERIFICATION NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Detector Configuration Data Verification 81 DECEMBER 2018

DATA AVAILABILITY EXAMPLE: GAPS IN DATA? • Data is not being recorded – setting that is preventing highresolution data from being logged, active data file may be corrupt, or data logger may not have adequate memory. • Data is not being downloaded – issue with communication or the data request settings. • Data is not being translated from the unprocessed data files into the database. • Data is not being aggregated correctly. • Data is not being displayed correctly in the reports. Missing data before code updates Phase Number Data is not being reported for some or all time periods. POTENTIAL CAUSE Time (Hour of Day) Data request reprogrammed to prevent gaps in data Time (Hour of Day) NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Data request was retrieving and deleting data files off controller resulting in the active data file being deleted each hour No missing data after code updates Phase Number POTENTIAL ISSUE 82 DECEMBER 2018

TIMESTAMPS • Enumerations timestamped using Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). • Daylight savings time is not enabled. Before time zone adjustment Plan 1 shown starting at 1: 00 AM because data is recorded using UTC Phase Number Data is not being reported at the correct times. EXAMPLE: DATA REPORTED AT CORRECT TIMES? POTENTIAL CAUSE Time (Hour of Day) After time zone adjustment Force-offs (indicative of coordination) shown starting at 1: 00 AM Timestamps adjusted to local time zone so Plan 1 shown starting at 6: 00 AM Phase Number POTENTIAL ISSUE Time (Hour of Day) NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 83 DECEMBER 2018 Force-offs (indicative of coordination) shown starting at 6: 00 AM

INTERSECTION CONFIGURATION • Mis-programmed signal ID. Example 1: Phase terminations match programmed phases? Coordination plan from 7: 30 AM to 7: 30 PM Phase Number Data is being reported from a different intersection than intended. EXAMPLES: DO PROGRAMMED VALUES MATCH? POTENTIAL CAUSE Phases 3 and 7 are not active Pedestrian phase service on Phase 2 Time (Hour of Day) Example 2: Cycle lengths match programmed values? Cycle Time (Seconds) POTENTIAL ISSUE Cycle lengths range between 115 -130 seconds; from 7: 00 PM to 11: 00 PM, the cycle length is 120 seconds Time (Hour of Day) NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 84 DECEMBER 2018

DETECTOR CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES: ARE CONDITIONS AS EXPECTED? • Mis-programmed signal ID. • Mis-programmed detector channel (e. g. , number, phase). • Mis-programmed detector location (e. g. , approach, lane, movement). • Mis-programmed detector type (e. g. , stop bar, advance, speed). • Malfunctioning detector. Example 1: Volume profiles match expected conditions? Volume (Vehicles Per Hour) Volumes are reported higher or lower than expected conditions – directionality, peak periods, or values compared to capacity. POTENTIAL CAUSE Higher northbound volumes during the PM peak Higher southbound volumes during the AM peak Time (Hour of Day) Example 2: Lane distribution match expected conditions? Volume (Vehicles Per Hour) POTENTIAL ISSUE Time (Hour of Day) NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 85 DECEMBER 2018 Lane 1 (inside) has lower volumes than Lane 2 (middle) or Lane 3 (outside)

DATA VERIFICATION TRAFFIC COUNTS VIDEO RECORDING TRAVEL TIME AND SPEED Compare detector actuations to traffic counts from permanent count stations or manual turning movement counts Compare events recorded by the controller to events seen on video Compare progression quality to travel times and average speeds collected from probe Lower Mid-Day data Speeds Detector Reporting High Volumes Track Detector Occupancy Using Video NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 86 DECEMBER 2018

5. 5. 1 Yellow Change 5. 5. 8 Time-of-Day (TOD) Plans 5. 5. 2 Red Clearance 5. 6. 1 Cycle Length 5. 5. 3 Minimum Green 5. 6. 2 Splits 5. 5. 4 Maximum Green 5. 6. 3 Offsets 5. 5. 5 Passage Time 5. 7. 1 Advanced Signal Systems 5. 5. 6 Pedestrian Intervals 5. 7. 2 Preferential Treatment 5. 5. 7 Recalls 5. 8. 1 Communication 5. 8. 2 Signal Cabinet Equipment VALIDATION NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 5. 8. 3 Vehicle Detection 5. 8. 4 Pedestrian Detection 87 DECEMBER 2018

5. 5. 1 YELLOW CHANGE PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • Perception- reaction time • Approach speed • Deceleration rate • Approach grade 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Confirm and/or adjust speeds used in calculations STM 2 REFERENCE 6. 1. 1 Yellow Change NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 88 Speed (Miles Per Hour) CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Speed limit 85% speed Average speed Time (Hour of Day)

5. 5. 2 RED CLEARANCE PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • Intersection width • Vehicle length • Approach speed 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Identify vehicles entering the intersection on red STM 2 REFERENCE 6. 1. 2 Red Clearance NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 89 Yellow Red Time (Seconds) CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Time (Hour of Day) Vehicles entering the intersection after yellow change interval

5. 5. 3 MINIMUM GREEN PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • • • 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Identify high bicycle volumes Driver expectancy Detector locations Vehicle queues Pedestrian intervals Users with longer start-up times (e. g. , bicycles, trucks) STM 2 REFERENCE 6. 1. 3 Minimum Green NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 90 Volume (Bicycles Per Hour) CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Time (Hour of Day) Bicyclists have longer start-up times and can benefit from longer minimum green times

5. 5. 4 MAXIMUM GREEN PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • • • 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Investigate high max-out occurrences Vehicle volumes Pedestrian intervals Split failures Delay Vehicle queues STM 2 REFERENCE 6. 1. 4 Maximum Green NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 91 Phase Number CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Time (Hour of Day) Phase 2 maxing out frequently indicating potential opportunity to adjust green times

5. 5. 5 PASSAGE TIME PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • Flow rate • Detector locations • Detector modes 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Before passage time adjustment 6. 1. 5 Passage Time (Unit Extension or Gap Time) NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 92 Phase gapping out frequently during PM peak Time (Hour of Day) After passage time adjustment Phase Duration (Seconds) STM 2 REFERENCE Phase Duration (Seconds) CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Phase using most of the programmed split with increased passage time Time (Hour of Day)

5. 5. 6 PEDESTRIAN INTERVALS PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • Intersection geometry • Pedestrian volumes • Pedestrian characteristics 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Identify high pedestrian demand STM 2 REFERENCE 6. 1. 6 Pedestrian Intervals NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 93 Pedestrian Delay by Actuation (Minutes) CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Pedestrian actuations nearly every cycle between 10: 00 AM and 6: 00 PM Time (Hour of Day)

5. 5. 7 RECALLS PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • • 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Before recall setting adjustment STM 2 REFERENCE 6. 1. 8 Recalls and Memory Modes NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 94 Time (Hour of Day) Phases 2 & 6 maxing out during the night because of maximum recall After recall setting adjustment Phase Number Detector locations Detector modes Vehicle volumes Pedestrian volumes Phase Number CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Time (Hour of Day) Phases 2 & 6 gapping out during the night after recall adjustment

5. 5. 8 TIME-OF-DAY (TOD) PLANS CONSIDERATIONS PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • Vehicle volumes • Pedestrian volumes • Special events 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Identify volume profile patterns STM 2 REFERENCE 6. 3 Time-of-Day Plans NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 95 Volume (Vehicles Per Hour) Weekday DECEMBER 2018 Time (Hour of Day) Weekend Different volume profiles on weekdays and weekends indicate different TOD plans should be applied

5. 6. 1 CYCLE LENGTH PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • Vehicle volumes • Pedestrian intervals • Distance between intersections • Approach speed • Vehicle queues 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Identify cycle length anomalies STM 2 REFERENCE 7. 3. 2 Cycle Length 7. 4. 2 Cycle Length Guidance 7. 6. 5 Critical Intersection Control 12. 3. 1. 2 Cycle Length Increase NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 96 Effective Cycle Length (Seconds) CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 120 -second effective cycle length at Int. 1 80 -second effective cycle length at Int. 2 Time (Hour of Day)

5. 6. 2 SPLITS PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • • • 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Before split adjustment STM 2 REFERENCE 7. 3. 3 Splits 7. 4. 3 Splits Guidance 12. 3. 1. 1 Split Reallocation NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 97 High number of split failures on Phase 3 compared to conflicting phases Green Occupancy Ratio After split adjustment Red Occupancy Ratio Vehicle volumes Pedestrian intervals Split failures Delay Vehicle queues Red Occupancy Ratio CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Green Occupancy Ratio Reduced split failures on Phase 3

5. 6. 3 OFFSETS PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • Distance between intersections • Approach speed • Phase sequence • Early return to green • Vehicle queues 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Before offset optimization 7. 3. 9 Offsets 7. 4. 9 Offsets Guidance 7. 6 Complexities 12. 3 Offset Strategies NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 98 Most vehicles arriving on red before offset adjustment Time (Hour of Day) After offset optimization Cycle Time (Seconds) STM 2 REFERENCE Cycle Time (Seconds) CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Most vehicles arriving on green after offset adjustment Time (Hour of Day)

5. 7. 1 ADVANCED SIGNAL SYSTEMS (TRAFFIC RESPONSIVE AND ADAPTIVE) PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • Vehicle volumes (variability) • Pedestrian intervals • Split failures • Delay • Vehicle queues 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Before adaptive system deployment 9 Advanced Signal Systems NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 99 TOD cycle length Time (Hour of Day) After adaptive system deployment Cycle Time (Seconds) STM 2 REFERENCE Cycle Time (Seconds) CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Time (Hour of Day) Most vehicles arriving on red during AM peak prior to adaptive Adaptive cycle length Most vehicles arriving on green during AM peak after adaptive

5. 7. 2 PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT (PREEMPTION AND PRIORITY) PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • • 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Before track adjustments corrected false calls STM 2 REFERENCE 10 Preferential Treatment NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 100 Time (Hour of Day) After track adjustments corrected false calls Seconds Since Request Rail Emergency vehicles Transit Trucks Seconds Since Request CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Time (Hour of Day) High number of false preempt requests due to railroad switching Reduced number of preempt requests after track adjustments

5. 8. 1 COMMUNICATION CONSIDERATIONS PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • Outage locations • Equipment type and age 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Validate communication upgrades STM 2 REFERENCE 4. 4 Signalized System Design NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 101 DECEMBER 2018 Each row reports availability of data for one intersection SR 37 intersection experienced gaps in communication

5. 8. 2 SIGNAL CABINET EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS PERFORMANCE MEASURES • • 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Flash status Power failures Outage locations Equipment type and age STM 2 REFERENCE 4. 2 Signal Cabinet Equipment NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 102 DECEMBER 2018

5. 8. 3 VEHICLE DETECTION PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • • 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Identify high max-outs during low-volume periods STM 2 REFERENCE 4. 1 Detection NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 103 Phase 6 gapping out after bad detector splice fixed Time (Hour of Day) Identify detectors not reporting volumes Volume (Vehicles Per Hour) Alarms Phase termination Outage locations Equipment type and age Phase Number CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Time (Hour of Day) High number of max-outs overnight Lane 3 detector not reporting volumes until bad splice fixed

5. 8. 4 PEDESTRIAN DETECTION PERFORMANCE MEASURES EXAMPLE • • 3. 1 COMMUNICATION STATUS 3. 2 FLASH STATUS 3. 3 POWER FAILURES 3. 4 DETECTION SYSTEM STATUS 3. 5 VEHICLE VOLUMES 3. 6 PHASE TERMINATION 3. 7 SPLIT MONITOR 3. 8 SPLIT FAILURES 3. 9 ESTIMATED VEHICLE DELAY 3. 10 ESTIMATED QUEUE LENGTH 3. 11 OVERSATURATION SEVERITY INDEX 3. 12 PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES 3. 13 PEDESTRIAN PHASE ACTUATION AND SERVICE 3. 14 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN DELAY 3. 15 ESTIMATED PEDESTRIAN CONFLICTS 3. 16 YELLOW/RED ACTUATIONS 3. 17 RED-LIGHT-RUNNING (RLR) OCCURRENCES 3. 18 EFFECTIVE CYCLE LENGTH 3. 19 PROGRESSION QUALITY 3. 20 PURDUE COORDINATION DIAGRAM 3. 21 CYCLIC FLOW PROFILE 3. 22 OFFSET ADJUSTMENT DIAGRAM 3. 23 TRAVEL TIME AND AVERAGE SPEED 3. 24 TIME-SPACE DIAGRAM 3. 25 PREEMPTION DETAILS 3. 26 PRIORITY DETAILS Identify high numbers of pedestrian actuations Phase termination Pedestrian actuations Outage locations Equipment type and age STM 2 REFERENCE 4. 1 Detection NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 104 Pedestrian Delay by Actuation (Minutes) CONSIDERATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Continuous pedestrian calls during the night Pedestrian recall during day Time (Hour of Day)

REPORTING ADVANCEMENTS PREDICTIVE TOOLS AUTOMATED ALERTS Use high-resolution data to develop predictive models (e. g. , Purdue Link Pivot Analysis) 108 -second offset adjustment Automatically flag issues and alert technicians to issues and inefficiencies recommended based on maximum arrivals on green Data Entry Max-Out Intersections with a low number of records in the database Phases with a high number of maxouts during low-volume periods Pedestrian Call Phases with a high number of pedestrian actuations during lowvolume periods Detector Count Advance detectors reporting low volumes during high-volume periods Force-Off Phases with a high number of forceoffs during low-volume periods NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 105 DECEMBER 2018 AGGREGATED REPORTS Identify “hot spots, ” compare to historical data, and produce shareable reports NBL Ph 5(6) experiencing highest number of split failures throughout the day

CHAPTER 6. INTEGRATION INTO AGENCY PRACTICE Strategies to fully integrate signal performance measures into agency management practices, create collaboration opportunities between groups, share resources, and communicate benefits. NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 106 DECEMBER 2018

TRAFFIC SIGNAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (TSMP) NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Defines “basic service” as it relates to the traffic signal system, demonstrates needs, identifies how well expectations are being met, and prioritizes investments. 107 DECEMBER 2018

CAPABILITY MATURITY MODEL (CMM) NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 Organizational framework used to describe the level of management formality and optimization, ranging from ad-hoc actions to managed, optimized procedures. 108 DECEMBER 2018

CAPABILITY MATURITY MODEL CAPABILITY DIMENSIONS DESCRIPTION PERFORMANCE MEASURE IMPACTS Systematically carrying out tasks or activities in order to attain objectives and goals. Use performance measures to assess goals, prioritize projects, and distribute funding. Systems engineering, architecture standards, interoperability, and standardization. Invest resources into systems and technology for monitoring and dynamic response. PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT Measures definition, data acquisition, and data utilization. Number of available performance measures. MANAGEMENT & ADMINISTRATIO Technical understanding, staff NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 109 recruitment and retention, Identify champions, staff resources, and regional BUSINESS PROCESSES SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGY DECEMBER 2018

IMPACT TO AGENCY ACTIVITIES ORGANIZATIONA L Performancebased prioritization Shareable reports Quantitative tracking Agency policies and standards Inter-agency collaboration TRANSPORTATIO N PLANNING Model validation Evaluate benefit / cost for programs and grants DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Compare equipment types Evaluate maintenance of traffic (MOT) NCHRP PROJECT 03 -122 110 TRAFFIC OPERATIONS Continuouslyavailable data for less modeling Automated alerts for operational issues Prioritize signal retiming Confirm public DECEMBER 2018 service MAINTENANCE Continuouslyavailable data to support preventative maintenance Automated alerts for maintenance issues Prioritize improvements