Natural Ventilation Examples 1 Architectural and Engineering Approaches

Natural Ventilation Examples 1 Architectural and Engineering Approaches to Infection Control Dr. Dirk Conradie 17 July 2018 email: dconradi@csir. co. za This program has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) under the terms of Grant Number - NU 2 GGH 001937 -01 -02.

Presentation Content • Introduction • Passive design • Natural ventilation • Historic examples • Correctional Services • Fort Hare • Brooklyn Chest • Conclusions Brooklyn Chest Hospital – Cape Town Acknowledgements: Aurum, Right-to-Care, TB/HIV-Care, Department of Correctional Services Peta de Jager, Tobias van Reenen, Jako Nice, Katekani Ngobeni, Gingi Khoza (All from CSIR) 2

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Modern cities ignore good passive design Power Dissipation Index principals ? Emanuel, K. 2005. Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. In Nature, pp. 68

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions What is Passive Design? • Based upon climatic considerations • Control comfort (heating and cooling) without consuming fuels • Uses the orientation of the building to control heat gain and heat loss • Uses the shape of the building (plan, section) to control air flow • Uses materials to control heat or cold • Maximizes use of free solar energy for heating and lighting • Maximizes use of free ventilation for cooling • Uses shade (natural or architectural) to control heat gain After Terri Meyer Boake BES, BArch, MArch, LEED AP 4

76. 5% 82. 2% 75. 9% 64. 6% 55. 1% 79. 8% 70. 4% 75. 4% 84. 1% 5 80. 9% 78. 9%

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions STRATEGIES OF CLIMATE CONTROL (Chart modelled after Watson) SUMMER WINTER CONTROL STRATEGIES CONDUCTION PROMOTE GAIN CONVECTION Minimize external air flow RADIATION Promote solar gain Minimize conductive heat flow Minimize infiltration RESIST GAIN Minimize conductive heat flow Minimize infiltration Minimize solar gain PROMOTE LOSS Promote earth cooling Promote ventilation Promote radiant cooling RESIST LOSS EVAPORATION Promote evaporative cooling Metabolic heat HEAT SOURCES HEAT SINKS 6 Source: D. C. U. Conradie Earth Atmosphere Sun Atmosphere Sky Atmosphere

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Bioclimatic design approaches (Watson & Labs) Dehumidification Aw RH kg 80 BIOCLIMATIC NEEDS ANALYSIS m³/ 8 Identification of climate control strategies on the Building Bioclimatic Chart (adapted after Givoni) 865 Heating 15 % Comfort zone Victor Olgyay (1910 -1970) “Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism” 0. 8 Shading Line Natural ventilation 9 17 mm Hg 10 083 0. 9 kg m³/ 40. 28 °C 10 5 mm Hg kg °C °C 13 14 B m³/ 6 A 83 H R 20% 834 10. 11 . 94 0. 8 C ET* 6 B 17 21 31. 94 °C 25. 56 ° 15. 28 °C 12. 50 °C 9. 72 °C 5 6. 94 °C 1 5 19. 72 °C 2 3 4 7 12 16 14 A 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 °C (dry bulb) temperature 23. 8 °C dry bulb, 315. 5 Wh/m² Global Horizontal Radiation Humidification Heating (< 19. 72 °C) 1 -5 Cooling (> 25. 56 ET*) 9 -17 Comfort (19. 72 °C – 25. 56 °C ET*, 5 mm Hg – 80% RH) 7 Dehumidification (> 17 mm Hg or 80% RH) 8 -9, 15 -16 Humidification (< 5 mm Hg) 6 A, 6 B (14) STRATEGIES OF CLIMATE CONTROL Restrict conduction Restrict infiltration Promote solar gain Restrict solar gain Promote ventilation Promote evaporative cooling Promote radiant cooling Mechanical cooling and dehumidification Promote evaporative cooling 7 1 -5; 9 -11, 15 -17 1 -5; 16 -17 1 -5 6 -17 9 -11 6 B, 11, 13, 14 A, 14 B 10 -13 17 15 -16

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Shading Line Bioclimatic design approaches (Climate Consultant) 8 23. 8 °C dry bulb, 315. 5 Wh/m² Global Horizontal Radiation

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Natural Ventilation • The reason for ventilation is to supply clean air to the space and to extract contaminants (microbes) as efficiently as possible. • Indoor air quality is significantly better. • Energy savings can be dramatic. • Occupant satisfaction is usually very high. • The magnitude and pattern of air movement through a building depends on the strength and direction of the driving forces and the resistance of the flow path. 9

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Wells-Riley formula (1955) Nc S t I P q Q 10 = number of new cases = number of susceptible persons = time in seconds = number of infectious persons = pulmonary breathing rate = quantum = ventilation rate m³/s

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Dr. David Boswell Reid (1805 -1863) Houses of Parliament, London 11 John Shaw Billings (1838 -1913) John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore Robert Boyle (1850 -1930) Air Pump Ventilator

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Ventilation chimneys of Baltimore’s John Hopkins Hospital 12

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions John Hopkins Hospital medical ward 13

Robert Boyle’s “Air-pump” ventilators Staats Model School (Sytze Wierda, 1895) Ou Raadsaal (Sytze Wierda, 1889) Dutch Reformed church, Bosman street (Van Rijsse, Kraan and Weiers, 1903) Ou Raadsaal (Sytze Wierda, 1889) Photographs: Wikipedia

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Valkenberg Psychiatric Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town 15

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Essence of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) { • Managerial: – TB infection control action plan. – Person designated for TB infection prevention and control (IPC) – Staff receives training on TB, IPC. • Administrative Controls: – – Time before inmates are screened (within 6 hours). Principle of separation. Sputum specimens collected immediately and sent for Gene. Xpert® testing. Isolation of TB diagnosed inmates. • Environmental controls: – – – Cross ventilated spaces. Open windows (can they be opened). Mixing fans/ Forced Ventilation. Number of persons in space (ward, cell) Use of UVGI lights. • Personal Protection Equipment: – Operational hand basins (water, soap and paper towels) – Alcohol based hand spray for hand decontamination. – Availability of N 95 respirators/ correctly worn. 16

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Window Design Structural opening area, free area, equivalent area, measured free area, aerodynamic area, geometric area, coefficient of discharge, aerodynamic free area. best worst 17 Horizontal pivot Sliding windows Vertical pivot Top/ bottom hung Side hung Source: Jan-Hendrik Grobler, CSIR DPSS Division

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Ventilation Rates at DCS Facilities Ventilation rate in L/s/per person 220. 00 200. 00 180. 00 160. 00 140. 00 High risk (Occupants) 120. 00 100. 00 80. 00 60. 00 Medium risk (Occupants) 40. 00 Low risk (Occupants) 20. 00 A A A A C C C C C C C OOOO K K K K K S S S S S H H H H H H L/s/per person A = Admissions/ Reception K = kitchen and catering areas C = Communal cells O = Office areas S = Single cells H = Hospital areas Analysis based on processed data obtained by CSIR during the DCS, IPC national project. (March to May 2015)

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions • Comments: DCS Key findings 1 A – Ventilation varies in Admissions/ Reception between 0. 85 ACH and 95. 24 ACH. Varies between 1. 45 L/s/per person and 60. 82 L/s/per person. 19

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions • Comments: DCS Key findings 2 C – Ventilation varies in Communal Cells between 3. 27 ACH and 50. 43 ACH. Varies between 2. 63 L/s/per person and 47. 41 L/s/per person. 20

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions • Comments: DCS Key findings 3 K – Ventilation varies in Kitchen/ Catering Areas between 1. 40 ACH and 90. 98 ACH. Varies between 2. 41 L/s/per person and 53. 87 L/s/per person. 21

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Single cell experiment Volume = 26. 49 m 3 Size of window = 1 304 x 933 Openable % window = 30 % Ratio of openable window aperture to floor area = 4% No. occupants (sources) during measurement = 7 Closed window and door: • Ventilation is 60. 22 L/s/per person, 8. 18 ACH and 900 ppm CO 2. Open window and door: • Ventilation is 116. 67 L/s/per person, 15. 85 ACH and 600 ppm CO 2. 22

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Fort hare University (East Londen) Stack effect in buildings hot air is less dense than warm/ cold air. = stack effect draft/ draught flow rate (m³/s) = flow area (m²) = discharge coefficient (usually taken to be from 0. 65 to 0. 70) = gravitational acceleration (9. 81 m/s²) = height or distance (m) = average inside temperature (K) = outside air temperature (K) Sources: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Stack_effect 23 CIBSE. 1997. Natural ventilation in non-domestic buildings. Applications Manual AM 10. The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions University of Fort Hare East London campus 24

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Revit BIM Model 25

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Ventilation Principles 26

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Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions 0° N 16. 3° 50° 33. 7 0° 40 0°. 0 16. 3° 33. 7 W 0° 140° S 28 180° 90° E

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Climate analysis 29

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions University of Fort Hare 30

Building in urban context (new analysis) 31

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Aim of lecture, South African Climate, Climate Maps, Passive Design, Bioclimatic Design, Sun, Case Studies, Conclusions University of Fort Hare 34 Source: D. C. U. Conradie, CSIR

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Wind towers and wind slots De Montford University School of Engineering – Leicester (Thermal chimney stack-induced cross-ventilation) 35

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Brooklyn Chest (Cape Town) 60 bed TB unit • Predictive performance simulation studies were undertaken for the proposed new Brooklyn Chest TB unit. These studies were developed to: • generate a useable and useful appraisal of the building’s likely natural ventilation performance under various conditions. • provide an indication of the approximate frequency of those conditions during operational hours. • Due to the amount of turbulence that is normally experienced in built environments the simulations can only give an indication of the expected performance of the passive ventilation process. 36

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions (CFD) analysis directions N 22. 50° 293° E W 135° 202. 50° © CSIR 2006 www. csir. co. za 37 S

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Brooklyn Chest Hospital in Cape Town 38

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Brooklyn Chest (Climatic and CFD analysis) © CSIR 2006 www. csir. co. za

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions Pressure distribution around buildings

Introduction, Passive design, Natural ventilation, History, Correctional Services, Fort Hare, Brooklyn Chest, Conclusions • Passive design in South Africa has huge potential. • Natural ventilation can efficiently supply clean air to spaces and extract contaminants (microbes). • Indoor air quality is significantly better than air conditioning. • Energy savings can be dramatic. • Occupant satisfaction is usually very high. • Generally most problematic areas from an IPC point of view are the communal spaces such as admissions, communal cells and dining halls. • Cross-ventilation is far more effective than single-sided ventilation. (Building typology). • Opening the windows is very beneficial. (Single cell measurements indicate at least double the ventilation rate). © CSIR 2016 www. csir. co. za

Some useful publications 1) WHO. 2009. Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings. Edited by James Attkinson, Yves Chartier, Carmen Lucia Pessoa. Silva, Paul Jensen, Yuguo Li and Wing-Hong Seto. 2) ASHRAE. 2010. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. ANSI/ ASHRAE Standard 62. 1 -2010, Atlanta, Georgia. 3) De Dear, R. , Brager, G. , Cooper, D. 1997. Developing an Adaptive Model of Thermal Comfort and Preference. Final Report ASHRAE RP-884. 4) Szokolay, S. V. & A. Auliciems. 2007. Thermal Comfort. PLEA : Passive and Low Energy Architecture International in association with Department of Architecture, The University of Queensland, Brisbane. 5) CIBSE. 1997. Natural ventilation in non-domestic buildings. London, CIBSE Applications Manual AM 10. 6) Santos, M. , França, P. , Sánchez, A. , Larouzé, B. 2012. Manual of Environmental Interventions for Tuberculosis Control in Prisons. Global Fund TB Project, Brazil. This program has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) under the terms of Grant Number - NU 2 GGH 001937 -01 -02.