Natural disasters epidemics The pandemic Covid 19 Whats

Natural disasters - epidemics. The pandemic - Covid -19

What’s the difference between a pandemic, an epidemic • 1. An epidemic- In epidemiology, an epidemic occurs when new cases of a certain disease, in a certain population and during a certain period • • 1. 1. Epidemic is a disease that affects a large number of people within a community, population, or region. • • 1. 2. The most common cause of the epidemic is an infectious agent, so it is an infectious disease such as plague, coronavirus, typhoid, cholera, diphtheria, scarlet fever, influenza, etc.

What’s the difference between a pandemic, an epidemic • 2. A pandemic is a manifestation of an infectious disease that spreads among the population of a large geographical region, continent or around the world, infecting many people. In practice, a pandemic is a type of pervasive epidemic characterized by the emergence of a new virus or infectious agent against which the human population has no immunity. • 2. 1. A pandemic is an epidemic that’s spread over multiple countries or continents.

What’s the difference between a pandemic, an epidemic • 3. A simple way to know the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic is to remember the “P” in pandemic, which means a pandemic has a passport. A pandemic is an epidemic that travels.

Let's take a look at history of the deadliest pandemics

Athens Plague (430 BC) • THE FIRST RECORDED PANDEMIC WAS THE SOCALLED PLAGUE OF ATHENS, WHICH DEVASTATED THE CITYSTATE OF ATHENS IN 430 BC, A YEAR AFTER THE START OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, KILLING UP TO 100, 000 PEOPLE AND HELPING SPARTA TO FINALLY WIN THE WAR. THE PLAGUE IS BELIEVED TO HAVE ENTERED ATHENS THROUGH THE PORT CITY OF PIRAEUS, ITS MAIN SOURCE OF FOOD AND SUPPLIES, AFTER PASSING THROUGH MUCH OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN.

ANTONINE PLAGUE (165 AD) • ALSO KNOWN AS THE PLAGUE OF GALEN, THE ANTONINE PLAGUE WAS AN ANCIENT PANDEMIC THAT AFFECTED ASIA MINOR, EGYPT, GREECE, AND ITALY AND IS THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN EITHER SMALLPOX OR MEASLES, THOUGH THE TRUE CAUSE IS STILL UNKNOWN. UNKNOWINGLY, THEY HAD SPREAD A DISEASE WHICH WOULD END UP KILLING OVER 5 MILLION PEOPLE AND DECIMATING THE ROMAN ARMY.

PLAGUE OF JUSTINIAN (541 -542) • THOUGHT TO HAVE KILLED PERHAPS HALF THE POPULATION OF EUROPE, THE PLAGUE OF JUSTINIAN WAS AN OUTBREAK OF THE BUBONIC PLAGUE THAT AFFLICTED THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND MEDITERRANEAN PORT CITIES, KILLING UP TO 25 MILLION PEOPLE IN ITS YEAR LONG REIGN OF TERROR. GENERALLY REGARDED AS THE FIRST RECORDED INCIDENT OF THE BUBONIC PLAGUE, THE PLAGUE OF JUSTINIAN LEFT ITS MARK ON THE WORLD, KILLING UP TO A QUARTER OF THE POPULATION OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

The Black Death (13461353) • FROM 1346 TO 1353 AN OUTBREAK OF THE PLAGUE RAVAGED EUROPE, AFRICA, AND ASIA, WITH AN ESTIMATED DEATH TOLL BETWEEN 75 AND 200 MILLION PEOPLE. THOUGHT TO HAVE ORIGINATED IN ASIA, THE PLAGUE MOST LIKELY JUMPED CONTINENTS VIA THE FLEAS LIVING ON THE RATS THAT SO FREQUENTLY LIVED ABOARD MERCHANT SHIPS. PORTS BEING MAJOR URBAN CENTERS AT THE TIME, WERE THE PERFECT BREEDING GROUND FOR THE RATS AND FLEAS, AND THUS THE INSIDIOUS BACTERIUM FLOURISHED, DEVASTATING THREE CONTINENTS IN ITS WAKE.

Cholera • SEVEN CHOLERA PANDEMICSHAVE OCCURRED IN THE PAST 200 YEARS, WITH THE FIRST PANDEMIC ORIGINATING IN INDIA IN 1817. ADDITIONALLY, THERE HAVE BEEN MANY DOCUMENTED CHOLERA OUTBRAKES, SUCH AS A 1991– 1994 OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA AND, MORE RECENTLY, THE 2016– 20 YEMEN CHOLERA OUTBREAK. • 1. 1 FIRST, 1817– 1824 • 1. 2 SECOND, 1829– 1837 • 1. 3 THIRD, 1846– 1860 • 1. 4 FOURTH, 1863– 1875 • 1. 5 FIFTH, 1881 -1896 • 1. 6 SIXTH, 1899– 1923

Influenza • BETWEEN 1918 AND 1920 A DISTURBINGLY DEADLY OUTBREAK OF INFLUENZA TORE ACROSS THE GLOBE, INFECTING OVER A THIRD OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION AND ENDING THE LIVES OF 20 – 50 MILLION PEOPLE. OF THE 500 MILLION PEOPLE INFECTED IN THE 1918 PANDEMIC, THE MORTALITY RATE WAS ESTIMATED AT 10% TO 20%, WITH UP TO 25 MILLION DEATHS IN THE FIRST 25 WEEKS ALONE.

HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC (2005 -2012) • FIRST IDENTIFIED IN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO IN 1976, HIV/AIDS HAS TRULY PROVEN ITSELF AS A GLOBAL PANDEMIC, KILLING MORE THAN 36 MILLION PEOPLE SINCE 1981. CURRENTLY THERE ARE BETWEEN 31 AND 35 MILLION PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV, THE VAST MAJORITY OF THOSE ARE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, WHERE 5% OF THE POPULATION IS INFECTED, ROUGHLY 21 MILLION PEOPLE. AS AWARENESS HAS GROWN, NEW TREATMENTS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED THAT MAKE HIV FAR MORE MANAGEABLE, AND MANY OF THOSE INFECTED GO ON TO LEAD PRODUCTIVE LIVES. BETWEEN 2005 AND 2012 THE ANNUAL GLOBAL DEATHS FROM HIV/AIDS DROPPED FROM 2. 2 MILLION TO 1. 6 MILLION.

COVID-19 (2019 undergoing) • ON MARCH 11, 2020, THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ANNOUNCED THAT THE COVID-19 VIRUS WAS OFFICIALLY A PANDEMIC AFTER BARRELING THROUGH 114 COUNTRIES IN THREE MONTHS AND INFECTING OVER 118, 000 PEOPLE. AND THE SPREAD WASN’T ANYWHERE NEAR FINISHED. • COVID-19 IS CAUSED BY A NOVEL CORONAVIRUS—A NEW CORONAVIRUS STRAIN THAT HAS NOT BEEN PREVIOUSLY FOUND IN PEOPLE. SYMPTOMS INCLUDE RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS, FEVER AND COUGH, AND CAN LEAD TO PNEUMONIA AND DEATH. LIKE SARS, IT’S SPREAD THROUGH DROPLETS FROM SNEEZES.

The Pandemic of 2020 • THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC, ALSO KNOWN AS THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC, IS AN ONGOING PANDEMIC OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID‑ 19), CAUSED BY SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2 (SARS‑COV‑ 2). • THE OUTBREAK WAS FIRST IDENTIFIED IN WUHAN, CHINA, IN DECEMBER 2019 • THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION DECLARED THE OUTBREAK A PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY OF INTERNATIONAL CONCERN ON 30 JANUARY, AND A PANDEMIC ON 11 MARCH.

The Pandemic of 2020 • AS OF 17 MAY 2020, MORE THAN 4. 71 MILLION CASES OF COVID-19 HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN MORE THAN 188 COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES, RESULTING IN MORE THAN 315, 000 DEATHS. • MORE THAN 1. 73 MILLION PEOPLE HAVE RECOVERED. • THE VIRUS IS PRIMARILY SPREAD BETWEEN PEOPLE DURING CLOSE CONTACT, MOST OFTEN VIA SMALL DROPLETS PRODUCED BY COUGHING, SNEEZING, AND TALKING. • LESS COMMONLY, PEOPLE MAY BECOME INFECTED BY TOUCHING A CONTAMINATED SURFACE AND THEN TOUCHING THEIR FACE.

The Pandemic of 2020 • COMMON SYMPTOMS INCLUDE FEVER, COUGH, FATIGUE, SHORTNESS OF BREATH, AND LOSS OF SMELL. • COMPLICATIONS MAY INCLUDE PNEUMONIA AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME. • THE TIME FROM EXPOSURE TO ONSET OF SYMPTOMS IS TYPICALLY AROUND FIVE DAYS BUT MAY RANGE FROM TWO TO FOURTEEN DAYS.

The Pandemic of 2020 • THE PANDEMIC HAS CAUSED SEVERE GLOBAL ECONOMIC DISRUPTION, INCLUDING THE LARGEST GLOBAL RECESSION SINCE THE GREAT DEPRESSION. • IT HAS LED TO THE POSTPONEMENT OR CANCELLATION OF SPORTING, RELIGIOUS, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL EVENTS, WIDESPREAD SUPPLY SHORTAGES EXACERBATED BY PANIC BUYING, AND DECREASED EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS AND GREENHOUSE GASES. • SCHOOLS, UNIVERSITIES, AND COLLEGES HAVE CLOSED EITHER ON A NATIONWIDE OR LOCAL BASIS IN 186 COUNTRIES, AFFECTING APPROXIMATELY 98. 5 PERCENT OF THE WORLD'S STUDENT POPULATION. [

The Pandemic of 2020 • MISINFORMATION ABOUT THE VIRUS HAS SPREAD ONLINE, [28] AND THERE HAVE BEEN INCIDENTS OF XENOPHOBIA AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST CHINESE PEOPLE AND AGAINST THOSE PERCEIVED AS BEING CHINESE OR AS BEING FROM AREAS WITH HIGH INFECTION RATES. • THERE IS NO KNOWN VACCINE OR SPECIFIC ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT. PRIMARY TREATMENT IS SYMPTOMATIC AND SUPPORTIVE THERAPY. ?

Methods against COVID-19 • SINCE THERE IS CURRENTLY NO VACCINE TO PREVENT CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19), THE BEST WAY TO PREVENT ILLNESS IS TO AVOID BEING EXPOSED TO THIS VIRUS. • THE VIRUS IS THOUGHT TO SPREAD MAINLY FROM PERSONTO-PERSON. • THERE ARE THINGS YOU CAN GETTING INFECTED BY COVID-19 DO, TO PREVENT

Methods against COVID-19 • WASH YOUR HANDS OFTEN - WASH YOUR HANDS OFTEN WITH SOAP AND WATER FOR AT LEAST 20 SECONDS ESPECIALLY AFTER YOU HAVE BEEN IN A PUBLIC PLACE. USE A HAND SANITIZER THAT CONTAINS AT LEAST 60% ALCOHOL. AVOID TOUCHING YOUR EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH WITH UNWASHED HANDS. • AVOID CLOSE CONTACT - AVOID CLOSE CONTACT WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE SICK, EVEN INSIDE YOUR HOME. IF POSSIBLE, MAINTAIN 6 FEET BETWEEN THE PERSON WHO IS SICK AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS. DO NOT GATHER IN GROUPS. • WEAR A FACE MASK IN PUBLIC - YOU COULD SPREAD COVID-19 TO OTHERS EVEN IF YOU DO NOT FEEL SICK. YOU CAN PROTECT YOURSELF FROM SOMEONE WHO IS SICK. EVERYONE SHOULD WEAR A MASK WHEN THEY HAVE TO GO OUT IN PUBLIC.

Methods against COVID-19 • COVER COUGHS AND SNEEZES - IF YOU ARE IN A PRIVATE SETTING AND DO NOT HAVE ON YOUR CLOTH FACE COVERING, REMEMBER TO ALWAYS COVER YOUR MOUTH AND NOSE WITH A TISSUE WHEN YOU COUGH OR SNEEZE OR USE THE INSIDE OF YOUR ELBOW. THROW USED TISSUES IN THE TRASH. • CLEAN AND DISINFECT clean AND disinfect frequently touched surfaces daily. If surfaces are dirty, clean them. Use detergent or soap and water prior to disinfection. Then, use a household disinfectant • STAY HOME - self-isolation for people who suspect they are infected is really important. Staying home is the best way to prevent getting COVID 19.

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The End PRESENTATION MADE BY: VASIL CHAVDAROV DIMITAR KACHULEV DIMITAR JELIAZKOV NIKOLA CHINKOV