Native Americans in Texas An Overview Plains Gulf

Native Americans in Texas An Overview Plains Gulf coast Southeastern Puebloan Chris Aigner - 2011 Click on picture 1

How Did the “original Americans” Get Here? Scientists believe that they walked across the Bering Strait; a portion of ocean-covered land between Russia and Alaska. The oceans froze, causing the water to recede, leaving a “bridge” for ancient people to migrate across. They were most likely in search of food and warmer climates. 2

Draw the migration path of the “early Americans. ”

Native Tribes Across the 4 Regions Native Texan Tribes. Kiowa Co ma n ch Lip Ju ma e Wichita an -Ap no Cad ac he Ton do kaw a n Coa eca t l i u h n apa k a t A wa a k n a r a K 4

Legend Native Groups become dependent on animals for food, clothing and shelter. Cause and Effect: Becoming NOMADIC Animal Herds migrate and relocate to other places. Native Groups develop mobile communities and move to follow the herd. First Next Then

Legend Native Groups become dependent on local plants and animals for food, clothing and shelter. Cause and Effect: Becoming SEDENTARY Natives learn how to farm and cultivate crops. Native Groups establish permanent settlements in one place. First Next Then

Southeastern Caddo, Wichita Lived in the coastal and North Central Plains---Piney Woods Got their food by farming-ate fruits, vegetables and grains, some fish and buffalo Lived in Grass Huts made out of wooden frames and dry grasses Clothes: loin cloth with animal skins---tatooing Worked together as a confederacy, tribal council Called “mound builders”, made pottery, moved to Oklahoma, Gave Texas its name--Tejas 7

Gulf Coast (Coahuiltecans, Karankawas, Atakapans, Cherokee, Lived near the Gulf Coast Got their food by fishing-ate fish, shellfish, and small animals, and berries Lived in Wood Framed Homes with woven grass walls and mobile houses that folded up like an umbrella Clothes: loin cloths and animal skins, cane piercing Had appointed chiefs to lead villages Nomads, made dugout canoes, Karankowa died out from European diseases 8

Pueblo Group (Jumano, Tigua) Lived in the mountains near the Rio Grande River –used irrigation ditches Got their food by farming-ate dried corn, squash and beans Lived in Adobe Pueblos made of clay (like apartment buildings) Communal living Adobe housing They were apartment-like dwellings made out of mud and dried to form homes. Each village had a leader with its own government, friendly Clothing: loin cloths, sandals, mud hats to keep cool 9

Plains Group Apache, Comanche, Kiowa Lived in the South Texas plains Got their food by hunting- ate buffalo—used horses Lived in teepees----nomads One chief led the tribe Many were literate and educated Nomads, made pottery, moved to reservation in early 1900’s Click on picture Clothing; Buffalo and deer hide, feathers, body and face paint 10

Comanche *Hunters and gatherers because it was easier than farming • Nomads—lived in tee-pees • Used leather instead of pottery because it could be broken • raided just about everyone and stole goods and horses • The single most important tribe in shaping Texas history 11

buffalo Tepee 12