Native Americans Doing notes and foldable for NA

Native Americans Doing: notes and foldable for NA Learning: the region, culture, and adaptations of 4 NA tribes Why? : n n n Much of what the NA did is still used/done today Knowing their way of life will help us understand the conflicts they had with others Learning about other cultures helps us respect them It’s important to know that not all Native American tribes were the same– we can’t lump them all together Settlement patterns/adaptations– all humans

Bering Strait

Native Americans of the Northwest n Alaska to northern California n Ocean, rivers, forests n Wet climate– VERY wet n Fair weather n Plenty of plants and animals

Inuit Tribe Environment: Lived mostly in Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland Resourcesn used every part of animal Sewed skins (clothes, blankets, tents) Fat for fuel Bones for sleds, tent frame, tools (knives, harpoons) n Lived near water

Inuit n Shelter: Igloos (colder) Animal Skin Tentssometimes with underground entrances! n Food: Ate all wildlife around (whales, walruses, seals, salmon, caribou, polar bears, arctic foxes, squirrels, and birds)

Inuits

Inuit n Traditions – Women tattoo their faces – Believe in an old woman who lives in the ocean and can cause storms or withhold animals if the tribe breaks rules – Nalukataq- Whale Hunt Feast- to please the spirits of the killed whales They toss people in the air from a walrus skin!!! Yippee!

Inuit n Technology – made dog sleds for transportation – snow shoes – kayak-type boats n Traded with settlers; trading posts more fur trading, less whale hunting n Eventually, had to find other ways to support their families- some worked in factories in cities

Inuit n Conflict – Russia claimed parts of their land, started hunting whales, and treated them harshly; many died (1700 s) – Alaska purchased by US in 1867; more people hunting whales; whole villages died – Gold discovered in 1896 (brought a lot of people looking for gold) – Had to adapt to colonization; many went to work in cities instead of their old way of life

Inuits

Tlinigit (“Kling-it”) Tribe Environment: Lived mostly in Alaska, northernmost part of the Northwest coast to CA; mild winters, cool summers, wet climate = plants! Resourcesn Wood, plants= food, build shelter & boats n animals from forests= clothing, blankets, n Water from ocean, lakes, and rivers

Tlinigit Shelter: Long Houses – large cedar homes – totem poles in front of them – Housed several families– up to 50 people! Foodn Roots & Berries from forests n Fish/sea animals n Salmon-roasted, dried, smoked; all year n Salmon Run- family could catch 1, 000 pounds of fish

Totem Pole Cedar Plank House

Tlingit n Able to focus on technology because they were set with food! – Anything that makes your life easier – Dams, salmon traps, canoes – Tools: fish hooks, fish spears – Waterproof clothes from cedar! n Wealthy because of trade – Waterways for transportation

Salmon Trap

Arts and Crafts Beadwork Bag Beaded Band

Tlingit n Traditions – Potlatch: § special feasts at which the guests, not the hosts, receive gifts (hundreds) § family could take years to prepare for a potlatch § honor new chief, celebrate wedding… § Each host tries to outdo other hosts – Totem Poles- built to show the family history, honor chiefs, show status

Tlingit n Interactions/Conflicts with others – 1700’s § Russian explorers come – Cross the Bering Strait (It’s there now!) § Tlingit trade with Russian, French, Spanish, and English explorers § Explorers/traders build settlements § US buys Alaska from Russia in 1867 – 1959 § § § Alaska becomes a state of the USA Hard to keep way of life Some were forced to move far away from the ocean! – 1971: passed a law that gave back to the Native American in Alaska over 44 million acres of their original homelands

Native Americans of the California-Intermountain Present-day California n In between Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada Mountains, reaches into the Great Basin n n Many types of environments – Great Basin =Extreme heat and cold; Limited rainfall= few plants/animals – California= milder climate, more resources; huge redwoods, streams, grasses, shore

Pomos n Environment – California coast – redwood forests, coastal waters, streams – mild climate all year round n Resources – redwood and oak forests- shelter/food – ocean/coastline – seafood and forest animals – clamshells for beads, roots for baskets

Pomos n Shelter – Cedar Teepee: center redwood pole, bark leaned up against – Grass Mat Shelter: willow frame with woven grass mats laid over top n Food: hunter-gatherers – seafood: fish, clams, seals dried seaweed = delicacy – rabbits, deer – acorns, hazelnuts

Pomos n Traditions – made baskets out of grasses and roots Baskets were VERY important to their culture “finest in the world” – made beads from clam shells – woodpecker feather plumes in headdresses – Kuksu ceremony- dancers represented different spirits – Strawberry Festival- celebrate first spring fruits – Acorn Festival- for fall

Pomos n Technology – used obsidian to make points on weapons n Wealth & Trade – used clam shell beads as a $$$ system kept on strings

Pomos n Conflicts – Made slaves by the Spanish, Russian, and Mexicans – 1848 Gold Rush brings many people to land – Bloody Island Massacre 1850: 100 die U. S. Army during Gold Rush – 1850’s: rounded up and put on reservations – Many destroyed by diseases brought by settlers

Native Americans of the Plateau n Between Cascade and Rocky Mountains n flatlands, rolling hills, gorges, forests n Hot summers, very cold winters n Light rainfall n 2 large rivers (Columbia & Fraser)

Nez Perce n Environment – forests, rivers, grasses, lakes – hot summer, very cold winter, snowy, light rain – 2 big rivers provide water n Resources – rivers for water and salmon – forests – thick grasses

Nez Perce n Shelter: – Teepee: animal skins (summer, nomadic) – Pit House: underground for winter, ladder down built with logs, sealed with grasses/dirt n Food: Hunter-gatherers; semi-nomad – fish, especially salmon – deer and bears, jackrabbits – grasses, berries, canna (lily) root

Nez Perce n Traditions/History – name is inaccurate: means “pierced nose”, but they didn’t pierce their noses! – Wore fringes and bead/bone-work- chestplates, bracelets and anklets for special occasions – Wyakin- personal guardian spirit- protects and assists n Technology – dugout canoes- dug out of logs – parfleche- large decorated thick hide bag to store food and clothing n Wealth/Trade – 1700’s got horses- famous for breeding Appaloosas – Met the Lewis & Clark Expedition

Nez Perce n Conflicts – With tribes to the south in the Great Basin – Nez Perce War: § US gov’t took their land because gold was found (1863) 6 million acres! § US went back on its word to give it back/let them stay § Chief Joseph lead Nez Perce against US Army § about 700 Nez Perce outnumbered about 2 to 1 § They lost, many died

Native Americans of the Southwest n AZ, NM, TX, and northern Mexico n Mesas, canyons, deserts n VERY dry n HOT days COLD nights (extremes) n Not many plants or trees

Hopi Tribe Hopiti “gentle people” n Environment: tall mountains, deep canyons, steep mesas; dry– very little rain; few plants; Devil’s extreme temperatures Tower (hot day, cold night); blizzards & flooding n Resources: Not many! stone, adobe clay (hardens like cement), mesas

Hopi n Shelter: Pueblos – Apartment style – Made of adobe clay (mud mixed with straw = bricks) § protection from extreme heat and cold – No 1 st floor window or doors § Used ladders to get in § Protection from invaders n Food: Farmers – – Dry Farming-way of growing crops where there is little water Built dams and irrigation canals Planted special corn with deep roots (reach water in ground) Also raised squash, beans, and cotton

Hopi n Used technology to help survive – Irrigation canals – Dams n Successful farmers: – could establish towns/cities – didn’t have to move around

Hopi n Traditions: – Kachinas (ceremonies and dolls) § § § spirits that visit villages for half of every year There are hundreds of different ones bring rain to help crops grow Show people how to live, behave, bring peace & prosperity Hopi have dances and dancers to represent the Kachinas – Other dancers are Tcutckutu (cause mischief) § Kachina dolls made to teach children about the powers/abilities of each Kachina – Pottery § § § Based on ancient designs dug up by Hopi archaeologists Still very popular today Beautiful

Eagle Kachina Sun Kachina Clown Kachina

Hopi n Interactions/Conflicts with others: – Live side by side with modern cities – Keep their way of life very intact § Still have ceremonies, government, organizations… § People come from all over to see ceremonies – One of the oldest settlements of US is a Hopi settlement– over 800 years! – Canals that the Hopi dug are used by big cities like Phoenix, AZ

Native Americans of the Plains n Middle west– from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River n Prairie, rolling hills, “black hills”, grass n dry n Summers hot, winters cold (extremely) n buffalo

Lakota Souix n Environment: – dry plains; grassy (farming hard) – Hot summers, cold winters (extreme) – Some rivers n Resources: – Buffalo (clothing, shelter, food) – Horses (from the Spanish) – Rivers with good farmland, villages

Lakota Sioux n Shelter: – Lodges § Logs covered with dirt/grass/soil § Only built villages near rivers (these places could farm) – Tepees § Men left their villages to hunt buffalo in the summer § They lived in tepees as they followed the buffalo (transportable) easy to fold up n Food: – Buffalo (even dried it to make jerky!)

Lakota Sioux n Technology: – Tepees were an adaptation (transportable) – Travois: sled-like device for carrying people and belongings – Horses: Life-changing! § 1500’s Spanish explorers came with horses § Sioux tamed horses that escaped the Spanish § Sioux stopped living in villages and followed the buffalo full-time! – Rifles: also from the Spanish

Lakota Sioux n Traditions: – Winter Count: calendar of past year with important events recorded § Men would meet every winter and decide what was important § Artist would draw it on hide § Studying them helps us know exactly what tribe did each year! – Pow-Wow: re-enact deeds of warriors, represent unity and life-cycle, to celebrate, to honor – Buffalo was sacred – Used herbs to treat sickness (main ingredient in aspirin!)

Lakota Sioux n Interactions/Conflicts with others: – Fighting was the way to prove courage – Coup Stick: “strike/hit” – – – § Used in battle § Bravest thing is to touch your enemy without killing him § Didn’t use the coup stick to kill Bows and Arrows Rifles from the Spanish Settlers moving to the plains buffalo losing land to graze Sioux were totally dependent on the buffalo! Would there be enough land for everyone? ? ?

Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands n n n n Mississippi River to Atlantic Ocean Great Lakes to Ohio River Valley; Appalachian Mtns. Hills, mountains, valleys, forests, rivers, ocean 4 seasons Plenty of rain Plenty of plants and animals Had THE BEST pick of resources!!! 2 main languages: Algonquian or Iroquois – Many tribes of each – Tribes similar to each other (same area)

Iroquois (several tribes) n Environment: 4 seasons; plenty of rain; forests, hills, rivers, ocean cold winters, cool summers; humid n Resources: Had THE MOST – Forests: wood, animals, oils, berries, syrup, vegetables, nuts, herbs, etc. – Rivers, lakes, ocean: water, animals, transportations; Lots of seafood: shrimps, scallops, seals, etc. – Rich soil: fabulous for farming (women were in charge of farming! EXPERTS!)

Iroquois Shelter: Longhouses – Hoddenosaunee-”people of the longhouse” – long buildings made of poles covered w/ sheets of bark – can be be 200 ft long – provided a home for several families – Common cooking area in center aisle; separate living areas on either side of the aisle n Food: Ideal climate for farming! (corn, squash, beans) fish, shrimp, seals, turkey, deer, beaver, nuts, roots, syrup, oils, fruits, herbs for medicine, etc. n

Long House

Iroquois n Technology: – Canoes using 2 different kinds of wood (to make it fast and light) – Wampum § consisted of small, polished beads made from shells § Used a slender drill to make holes in the beads § strung or woven together into a necklace or a belt § Given to remember an important event/special gift § Started trading them to explorers for goods (like $$)

Wampum Belt/Necklace

Iroquois n Traditions: – Clan: group of families who share the same ancestors – Clan mother- head of each clan mothers and other clan women chose the male leaders but if unhappy replaced him. § Women held A LOT of power in the tribes § Chose the male leaders and could replace them if they weren’t happy! – Hodenosaunee Trail- a trail that ran the main villages of all 5 Iroquois peoples.

Iroquois n Interactions/Conflicts with others: – fought with each other as things became more crowded – Fought other tribes in the area as well – If one person was wronged, it affected the whole clan so wrongs were punished – War was a constant problem among the Iroquois people

Iroquois n Iroquois Confederacy: – 6 tribes or “nations”: Onondaga, Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, Cayuga, Tuscarora (joined later- 1722) – Formed a union to stop warring all the time – Great Laws: rules all Iroquois had to follow/ guidelines to living in peace § Each tribe had a chief to make local decisions – Grand Council: representatives from each tribe/nation came together § Chosen by clan mothers § Discussed and compromised – Still exists today – Does that sound a little like our government? ?

Powhatan n Environment: 4 seasons; plenty of rain; forests, hills, rivers, ocean cold winters, cool summers; humid n Resources – forests, rivers, lakes, ocean – rich soil- good for farming

Powhatan n Shelter- mix between longhouse & wigwam – bent wood frame, covered with bark/woven mats – elongated like longhouses, though – near water sources, built in villages (3 -100 homes) n Food: hunters, gatherers, farmers – deer, rabbit, turkeys, ducks – fish (sturgeon, pike), oysters, lobster, scallops – corn, beans, squash – roots and lots of berries

Powhatan n Traditions – women had power – painted and tattooed face; decorative feather cloaks – beadwork and basket-making (known for) – courage, fighting honored § chosen future leaders would be separated as boys from the tribe and left without food and forced into physical labor for 9 months (rite of passage)

Powhatan n Technology – dugout canoes – war clubs, tomahawks, bow/arrow, shields n Wealth/Trade – Other tribes- used wampum, too § can be used to show history, tell stories, or as gifts, too § later used as “money” with European settlers – Jamestown at first

Powhatan n Conflict – aggressive tribe; would battle others for territory or revenge; kidnappings (would fight with Iroquois!) – Jamestown settlers- settled on their land; § at first, they traded. § tensions grew; Pocahontas saves John Smith § John Smith leaves, trade stops § English start raiding villages for food to survive § kidnapped Pocahontas; peace § tobacco ruined the land for Powhatans § 1622 attack Jamestown, killing 347 settlers responded by raiding & burning villages for 10 years; all Powhatan driven from their land

Powhatan Confederacy n United under Powhatan (Chief) – tribes used to fight with each other – over 30 tribes; 10, 000 people, hundreds of villages – not democratic, like Iroquois; absolute power – some joined, some were conquered n Came together to fight against settlers n Disbanded when wars came to end

Native Americans of the Southeast n Ohio Valley to Gulf of Mexico n Texas to Atlantic Ocean n Rivers, valleys, mountains, coastal plains, swamps, jungles n Dry (west) and wet (east) areas n Everglades n Hot weather

Shawnee n Environment- – originated in Ohio area (KY, TN) and spread from there – hot summer, cold winter – plenty of rain, humid – forests, lots of water, good soil n Resources- – plenty of waterways for travel and fishing – forests for food and shelter

Shawnee n Shelter- – Wigwams: cone-shaped (upside-down bowl) wooden frame covered in animal skin – 8 -10 ft tall 15 ft wide n Food- nomadic/farming – rabbits, wild hogs, turkeys, eagles, raccoons, deer. – some farmed- corn, beans, pumpkins

Shawnee n Traditions/History – Famous Chief Tecumseh (greatest warrior) – Spread far, nomadic, many different regions; interacted with many tribes; mixed with some! Cherokee-Shawnee – Calendar based on 2 main seasons § summer: Shewaki (grandmother) “South person” brings what will benefit her “grandchildren” 3 “sisters” (beans, corn, squash) grown § winter: Pepoonki (grandfather) “North person” Brings cold weather, runs away before summer hunting/trapping § Wind Spirits- Takwaaki (he brings sleep & well-being from the west) & Melo’kami (he listens to prayers in the east)

Shawnee n Technology – variety of clubs, hatchet axes, bow/arrow n Wealth/Trade – wore fringed tunic/leggings – came in contact with many different tribes – traded with settlers/Europeans; adopted their clothing- wore cotton shirts, trousers, turbans

Shawnee n Conflicts – Captured Daniel Boone! Told him to leave KY! (he escaped) 1778 – Lord Dunmore’s War 1774 along Ohio River (Shawnee lost) – Revolutionary War- Britain gives all land to US (Native American land) – 1782 Tribes band together to try to get US out of Kentucky and Ohio (N-W Indian War) – Tecumseh’s War (1811 -1813)- same cause – 1815 -1832 Forced west onto reservations

Seminole n Environment – hot, sticky swamps – hot, humid summer; mild winter – rivers, valleys, swamps, mountains – sharp grasses and mosquitos- had to wear long deer hide leggings for protection n Resources – waterways/swamps- for food and transport – jungles/forests- for food and shelter – land good for farming

n Shelter Seminole – chickees- wooden posts support a platform 3 feet above the ground; palm tree leaf roof; no walls n Food: hunted, gathered, farmed – rabbit, hogs, turkey, alligators, deer, turtles, fish – fruit, seeds, nuts, wild rice, mushrooms – farmed, too- corn, squash, pumpkin, beans

Seminole n Traditions/History – made up of people from different groups/tribes (including the Creek tribe) Originally under Spanish rule – Joined by escaped slaves later (HATED slavery) – Face/Body paint, tattoos – Scalp cap/small turban with feathers; smock-like shirts (knees); colorful & decorative n Technology – flat bottom, dugout boats (shallow waters) – war clubs, spears, knives, bow/arrow n Wealth/Trade – influenced by settlers/European style clothing (traded cloth)- wore blouses, skirts, turbans, etc.

Seminole n Conflicts – Americans angry because of Revolutionary War (Native Americans fought with British) – Took in escaped slaves (angered slave-owners) – Jackson led attacks 1814 -1818 First Seminole War- ended in treaty, Seminole lost – US bought Florida from Spain 1819 - forced off land to a reservation in southern FL – Second Seminole War 1835 -1842: Seminoles fought back against treaty (bloodiest war against any tribe in history!)

Study Guide Notes For Upcoming Test n *Most scientists believe to be the migration route of the most Native Americans by land from Northeast Asia, across a land bridge to North America, and then into South America. n The Native Americans settled in arctic ice fields, mountains, and deserts.

Study Guide n *Cultural regions are seven areas where Native Americans developed different ways of living. n *Origin stories are tales that explain how Earth and its people came to be.