Native American Histories before Conquest 20 000 years

Native American Histories before Conquest ❝ 20, 000 years ago--Siberian hunters become first American inhabitants ❝ 14, 000 years ago--Humans reach tip of South America. ❝These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases

Routes of the First Americans

The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture • Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat – Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the – extinction of several large species Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role • 5, 000 years ago-- Agricultural Revolution – Crops include maize, squash, and beans – Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities

❝Nomadic Asians followed herd animals into the Early Americans Americas. How did the Ice ❝American Peoples Age effect the experienced their own Neolithic Revolution. Pre-Columbian (before Columbus) Civilizations ❝ ❝Grew maize (corn) ❝Did not live in river valleys ❝Developed complex societies UCLA. edu population of the Americas? What if it had not occurred?

North American-Native Americans ❝Native Groups are Diverse ❝Mesoamerica: First (Mayan? ) then Aztecs, Incas ❝Large agriculture, large population, cities, imperial in nature, social stratification, Pre -historic (no writing) limited metal technology, polytheistic, theocratic, imperial ❝Atlantic Coast: ❝Hunter/Gatherer ❝Small groups/limited nomadic/some Agriculture, prehistoric, stone-age technology

Eastern Woodland Cultures ❝Atlantic Coast of North America ❝Native Americans lived in smaller bands ❝Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering ❝Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600 s

American Indian Culture Regions

American Indians are diverse! • When Europeans first arrived in America, they noticed that the Natives were very diverse • Different cultures were developed by Native peoples, based on their environment • Scholars group Native Americans who shared similar cultures into culture regions (or culture areas)

Culture everything that makes up the way of life of a people • • Shelter Tools Language Clothing Arts Religion Government

10 Culture Regions 1. Arctic 2. Subarctic 3. Northwest Coast 4. Plateau 5. Great Basin 6. California 7. Southwest 8. Great Plains 9. Northeast 10. Southeast

Arctic • • Natural Resources Little vegetation Dogs, used for hunting and hauling Sea mammals major food source (seals, sea lions, sea otters, walruses, and whales)Other game (polar bears, musk oxen, mountain sheep, wolves, wolverines, foxes, rabbits squirrels, and waterfowl. • • • Physical Terrain Large, treeless plains, called tundra, Frozen and snow-covered Winters are long and severe Blizzards

Subarctic • • • Physical Terrain Mostly interior (except Hudson Bay & Pacific coast) Thick pine forests Thousands of lakes, ponds, swamps, rivers, and streams Long winters with deep snow and thick ice Short summers • • Natural Resources Caribou Large game (moose, deer, musk oxen, mountain sheep, bison) Small game (beaver, mink, otter, porcupine, rabbit, squirrel, and waterfowl) Seeds, berries, bark

Northwest Coast • • • Physical Terrain Narrow coastal region Cool & damp climate with mild wet winters and cool summers Thick forests Many rivers Mountains Evergreen forests Natural Resources Lots of food source: seals, sea lions, and fish (salmon, halibut, herring, cod, and flounder) Hunted whales Hunt deer, elk, bear, and mountain goat They learned to dry their meat and fish with smoke

• • • Physical Terrain High plateau region, surrounded by desert & mountains Rivers Natural Resources Small game Wild plants (berries & edible roots) Fish (Salmon) Large game in the mountains (elk, deer, mountain sheep, bear) Plateau

Great Basin • • Physical Terrain Very dry Surrounded by mountains, plateaus, & deserts • • Natural Resources Sparse vegetation Very little resources Small game Foragers

California • • Physical Terrain Mountain ranges & Pacific coastal regions Forest & deserts Mild climate, with many warm days Varied rainfall Natural Resources Acorns from oak trees Wild plants (berries, nuts, seeds, roots) Fish, seafood, small game, birds, deer

Southwest • • Physical Terrain Mesas and canyons, Mountains, deserts Few rains Natural Resources Evergreens (mountains), cactus Small game (rabbits, birds, and rattlesnakes)

Great Plains • • • Physical Terrain Large inland region Rolling, fertile tall-grass prairies Summers are typically hot and dry, and winters are long and harsh. Natural Resources American bison (buffalo) Farmers Berries

Northeast • • • Physical Terrain Temperate & humid climate Hundreds of rivers, creating rich soil for agriculture. Widespread forests *** Sometimes the area is grouped with the Southeast culture area and referred to as the Eastern Woodlands. Natural Resources Animals (a variety of game, large and small: fish, deer, rabbit, squirrel, beaver, and various birds, such as turkey, partridge, duck, and goose; also hunted moose, elk, and bear)

Southeast • • • Physical Terrain Semitropical Humid and well-watered Saltwater marshes, grasses, rich soils, swamplands, rounded hills, high grass, and rolling mountains Natural Resources Forests of pine trees Animals (deer, squirrel, birds, fish)

Cultural Negotiations ❝Diversity of language groups, ethnicities ❝Define place in society through kinship ❝Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation ❝Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships

Confederacies of Eastern North America ❝Hurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie ❝Iroquois--Central New York ❝Powhattans--Chesapeake

orati Expl on

“God, gold and glory” I. Motives for Exploration A. Technological Advances 1. improved navigational methods: - magnetic compass and astrolabe - improved maps and charts

2. improved ship designs - the caravel

3. improved weapons - gunpowder and cannons Why would this be important?

B. Desire for wealth 1. gain access to the spice trade (also sugar and silk) Arab and Italian merchants had a monopoly 2. find new sources of gold and silver

C. Growth of Nation-States lands. 1. centralized power at home allowed for an outward push and colonization of new D. Religious devotion / Crusading Spirit 1. desire to convert new people to Christianity 2. to strike a blow against the Muslims

E. Renaissance Spirit and Values 1. desire to learn about the world (intellectual curiosity) - Marco Polo returns with stories of the riches in Asia. 2. desire for adventure, fortune, fame and glory.

II. Portugal and Spain A. Portugal 1. Portugal led the way in exploration a. Prince Henry the Navigator encourages exploration and the study of improvements in seafaring.

b. location – Portugal was well situated to explore based on routes available to explore.

2. Portuguese sailors explo ed the coast of Africa in an attempt to find a water route to Asian trade.

3. Portuguese explorers included: Bartholomeu Dias - first to sail around the southern tip of. Africa Vasco da Gama - discovered an all water trade route between Portugal and India.

B. Spain 1. Columbus sails West in an attempt to reach Asia. a. opened the Americas to European colonization and trade.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) - Spain and Portugal sign a treaty dividing the newly discovered lands between the two nations How would you view this treaty if you were the English, French or other Europeans

Amerigo Vespucci – Explored the coast of the newly discovered lands. Suggested Columbus had actually discovered a new world. Vespucci’s name begins to appear on maps of the New World

Ferdinand Magellan – attempted to find a Western route to Asia, one of his ships will complete the first circumnavigation of the earth. (1519 -1522)

Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes arrived in Mexico in 1519. Cortes along with native allies defeated the Aztec.

The “Columbian Exchange” What is it? The “Columbian Exchange” refers to the vast exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and diseases that began with the “Age of Exploration”

The “Columbian Exchange” ❖ Squash ❖ Avocado ❖ Peppers ❖ Sweet Potatoes ❖ Turkey ❖ Pumpkin ❖ Tobacco ❖ Quinine ❖ Cocoa ❖ Pineapple ❖ Cassava ❖ POTATO ❖ Peanut ❖ TOMATO ❖ Vanilla ❖ MAIZE ❖ Syphilis ❖ Trinkets ❖ Liquor ❖ GUNS ❖ Olive ❖ COFFEE BEAN ❖ Banana ❖ Rice ❖ Onion ❖ Turnip ❖ Honeybee ❖ Barley ❖ Grape ❖ Peach ❖ SUGAR CANE ❖ Oats ❖ Citrus Fruits ❖ Pear ❖ Wheat ❖ HORSE ❖ Cattle ❖ Sheep ❖ Pigs ❖ Smallpox ❖ Flu ❖ Typhus ❖ Measles ❖ Malaria ❖ Diptheria ❖ Whooping Cough

A World Transformed ❝Large numbers of whites profoundly altered Native cultures ❝The rate of change varied from place to place ❝Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival

Threats to Survival: Trade ❝Native Americans were eager for European trade ❝They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans ❝Commerce also influenced warfare patterns

Threats to Survival: Disease • Contact brings population decline among • American Indians Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic disease – smallpox – measles – influenza • Rate as high as ninety-five percent

Myths and Reality • Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay” • 1492 --Initial voyage • Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China • 1506 --died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient • Made possible Spanish dominion in America

The French Claim Canada • 1608 --Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec • French Empire eventually includes St. • • • Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi French Crown makes little effort to foster settlement Fur trade underpins economy Indians become valued trading partners

The English Enter the Competition ❝Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509 -1547) ❝Achieves preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I

Militant Protestantism • Lutheran Reformation – God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests – Justification by faith alone for salvation • Calvinist Reformation – John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence – Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation • Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe – France—Huguenots – Scotland—Presbyterians – England—Puritans

Woman in Power • Elizabeth I (1558 -1603) a very capable monarch • Elizabeth introduces Via Media – Protestant Doctrine – “Catholic” Ritual – Ends religious turmoil in England • Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against England • England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers

An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke • Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 – He named the region Virginia after the Virginia Queen • The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 • The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery

s r e r o l p x E r o j Ma

Magellan ❝Searched for passage to Pacific Ocean ❝Sailed through “straits of Magellan” ❝Died in Philippines ❝Crew lst to circumnavigate the world

Cabot ❝Sailed for England ❝Landed on coast of New-foundland ❝Gave England claim to North America

Ponce de Leon ❝ 1 st to land on the mainland of North America ❝Looking for “fountain of youth” ❝Established St. Augustine, Florida

De Soto ❝Sailed for Spain ❝Explored Mississippi River – Present-day Oklahoma

Coronado ❝Looking for fabled seven cities of gold ❝Explored presentday Arizona and New Mexico

Cortes ❝Spanish Conquistador ❝Conquered Aztec emperor Montezuma

Balboa ❝Spanish Explorer ❝Claimed Pacific Ocean and adjoining lands for Spain

Pizzaro ❝Conquered the Inca Empire

Hudson ❝English sailor that sailed for the English crown and the Dutch ❝Discovered Hudson River and the Hudson Bay