Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System James A Arnold

Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System James A. Arnold Chairman State and Local Government Subcommittee Civil GPS Service Interface Committee Presented to: Wyoming Regional Meeting of the State and Local Government Subcommittee of the CGSIC Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Topics • • • What is NDGPS? Where did NDGPS come from? Applications Status Research – HA-NDGPS Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Topics • What is NDGPS? • Where did NDGPS come from? • Applications • Status • Research – HA-NDGPS Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Differential GPS (DGPS) Maximum Range 250 Miles 400 Km Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS) . Reference Station

The Coast Guard developed the DGPS service to provide the high accuracy needed for harbor and river navigation. Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS) USDOT is expanding it inland.

What does NDGPS give me? System Characteristics • Accuracy – 0. 5 meter near the reference station – Add 1 meter/150 Km – Accuracy with Post Processing is 5 cm • Integrity – 5 seconds at 100 bps – 2. 5 seconds at 200 bps Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Why is Integrity Important? Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Topics • What is NDGPS? • Where did NDGPS come from? • Applications • Status • Research – HA-NDGPS Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Interagency NDGPS Policy & Implementation Team • Plans to expand the system for land users began in January 1997 – Executive Steering Group – Policy & Implementation Team Participants DOT/OST U. S. Coast Guard Federal Highway Administration Federal Railroad Administration Federal Aviation Administration Environmental Protection Agency Department of Commerce Department of Interior Department of Agriculture Army Corps of Engineers U. S. Air Force Various States Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Policy and Implementation Team Report and Recommendation • Coast Guard DGPS – Can be easily expanded – Signal is not blocked by trees, hills, or buildings – Meets most land maritime needs when post processing techniques are used • Executive Steering Group unanimously decided to expand the Coast Guard DGPS into a nationwide service Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Public Law 105 -66 Section 346 October 27, 1997 – Can be modified to provide high accuracy (better than 10 cm horizontal) in real time for surveying and land navigation needs – Provided Funding in Coast Guard’s budget to implement NDGPS – Reuse Air Force Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN) equipment and sites to augment installation of NDGPS – Integrate NDGPS into: • Coast Guard’s DGPS for operational control • National Geodetic Survey’s Continuously Operated Reference Stations (CORS) service for surveying applications • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Precipitable Water Vapor System for weather modeling Public – Ensure that the service is provided free Law of any user fees – Continually upgrade the system – Sponsor new applications Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

NDGPS Reference Station 299 FT TOWER 12 TOP-LOADING ELEMENTS GUY WIRES LF TRANSMIT ANTENNA TOWER AREA TWIN 30 FOOT GPS REFERENCE STATION RECEIVE ANTENNA TOWERS EQUIPMENT AREA FOR ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT AND BACKUP POWER GROUP SHELTERS SITE AREA (700 x 700 FT) 4 FT HIGH FENCE 8 FT HIGH FENCE GRAVEL ACCESS ROAD 8 ft HIGH FENCE Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Converted GWEN to NDGPS Appleton, WA Reference & Integrity Antennas Two sets of each DGPS Equipment Shelter There is a similar shelter for the 25 KVA generator Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS) 299 foot Beacon Antenna

International Standard • NDGPS is designed to an international, non-proprietary standard – Compliant with RTCM SC-104 and ITU-R M. 823 – Greatly increases market for manufacturers – Significantly reduces receiver costs • Signal is free to all users • ~40 countries operate compatible systems • Many other countries are planning systems • Resulting in a seamless international navigation system Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Acceptance of the international standard is leading to a seamless worldwide service. Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Topics • What is NDGPS? • Where did NDGPS come from? • Applications • Status • Research – HA-NDGPS Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

NDGPS Requirements Positive Train Control • Provides Situational Awareness • Prevents accidents, saving over $60 million per year • Reduces fuel consumption by better pacing trains • Increases rail line capacity through closer train spacing, thus reducing the need for additional capital investment in plant and equipment Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Major Railroad Lines A ubiquitous service with a high degree of accuracy & integrity Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS) is needed to improve railroad safety, efficiency & security.

Other Uses of Nationwide DGPS Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Maritime Use DGPS guides every type of craft from small pleasure boats to large container ships Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Army Corps of Engineers NDGPS in Dredging Army Corps of Engineers Needs 2 meter accuracy to Position their dredging ships

NDGPS use in Surveying GPS has revolutionized the surveying industry. NDGPS provides survey grade accuracy when used in post processing applications. Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Nationwide DGPS Intelligent Transportation System • Save lives, increase safety, increase efficiency: • Can provide improved GIS data • Reduced time to generate map • Improved accuracy. • Can provide drivers with situational awareness, reducing accidents • Potential for improved fleet management without increased infrastructure costs. • Improves tracking of hazardous or valuable assets. Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Hydrographic Surveys

NOAA’s Forecast Systems Lab Measuring Water Vapor NDGPS Site in Whitney, NE Water vapor is the most important component of weather and the least observed. NDGPS reference stations continuously measure the water vapor in the atmosphere above the reference station, thus greatly improving short term weather forecasts. Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

U. S. Department of Agriculture • The Natural Resource Conservation Service in USDA has spent $7 M and purchased 5, 000 NDGPS receivers • USDA does not have enough federal employees to met requirements of the new farm bill • They plan to outsource 5, 700 Technical Service Provider positions. Many TSP positions will need NDGPS as well. Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Benefits to Agriculture NDGPS used in Precision Farming saves $5 to $14 per acre. • Mapping Soil quality • Reducing use of pesticides and fertilizers • Monitoring crop yield Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Alternative Farm Income Photo and design courtesy of Franck Boynton, NAVTECH GPS Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Nationwide DGPS Other Federal Agencies • 24 Federal Agencies have Public Safety needs – EPA - Locating 1. 4 million hazardous material & waste sites – DOI (National Park Service) • Search and Rescue, fire fighting and oil spills – DOE - Monitoring shipments of radioactive materials – DOJ - Locating FBI & DEA personnel in danger & tracking vehicle location – USDA - Fire fighting and resource management – Bureau of Land Management - mapping natural resources and tracking fire fighting equipment – USPS - tracking over 80, 000 postal carriers Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Nationwide DGPS State & Local Governments • Many State & Local Governments needs • Mapping transportation infrastructure • Responding to emergency 911 calls - Police, fire & ambulance • Monitoring police officers’ safety • Locating of fire hydrants in snow • Monitoring contaminated stream and well water • Mapping & Managing Natural Resources Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

University NAVSTAR Consortium (UNAVCO) • UNAVCO is a non-profit organization that promotes high -precision geodetic & strain techniques using GPS. • Funded by NSF and NASA. • Uses dual-frequency GPS receivers to measure Plate Rigidity, Plate Movement, Plate Deformation, Plate Boundary Zones to the millimeter level. • NDGPS program has installed high stability antenna mounts & choke ring antennas at selected sites to meet UNAVCO needs. Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Topics • What is NDGPS? • Where did NDGPS come from? • Applications • Status • Research – HA-NDGPS Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

US COAST GUARD/ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS AND PLANNED NATIONWIDE DIFFERENTIAL GPS SERVICE BROADCAST LOCATIONS Whidbey Island, WA Spokane, WA Edinburg, ND Upper Keweenaw, MI Whitefish Point, MI Wenatchee, WA Ronan, MT Pine River, MN Neebish Island, MI Appleton, WA Billings, MT Wisconsin Point, WI Penobscot, ME Medford, WI Cheboygan, MI Fort Stevens, OR Clark, SD Middlebury, VT Sturgeon Bay, WI Brunswick, ME Jackson, WY Saginaw Bay, MI Seneca, OR Milwaukee, WI Youngstown, NY Ledyard, IA Gooding, ID Onondaga, MI Hudson Falls, NY Portsmouth Harbor, NH Rawlins, WY Whitney, NE Iowa City, IA Klamath Falls, OR Detroit, MIElmira, NY Acushnet, MA Sandy Hook, NJ Jack Creek, NV Cape Mendocino, CA Hawk Run, PA Pacific Junction, IA Moriches, NY Myton, UT Annapolis, MD St. Marys, WV Goodland, KS Austin, NV Chico, CA Pueblo, CO Cincinnati, OH Hagerstown, MD Topeka, KS Lincoln, CA Monterey, VA St. Louis, MO Henrieville, UT Driver, VA Louisville, KY Fayetteville, AR Hartsville, TN Martinsville, VA Pigeon Point, CA Knoxville, TN Greensboro, NC Canton, OK Flagstaff, AZ Beaufort, NC Bakersfield, CA Kirtland, NM Memphis, TN Summerfield, TX Fenner, CA Hackleburg, AL Point Arguello, CA Bobo, MS Point Loma, CA Macon, GA Kensington, SC Munday, TX Vicksburg, MS Tucson, AZ Grady, AL El Paso, TX Savanna, GA Odessa, Tx Millers Ferry, AL Mobile Point, AL Galveston, TX Icy Cape Langtry, TX English Turn, LA Mount Chamberlain Cape Canaveral, FL Umiat Aransas Pass, TX Egmont Key, FL Brooks Range Baird Mountains Miami, FL Ray Mountains Anderson Endicott Mountains Kokole Point, HI Tanana Delta Junction Unalakleet Gold Creek Existing Coast Guard/USACE Sites. Key West, FL Potato Point Mc. Grath Nationwide Sites Kenai Cape Hinchinbrook Upola Point, HI Pilot Point Gustavus Biorka Island Green - Operating Kodiak Pahoa, HI Annette Island Red - Planned Cold Bay Great Falls, MT Medora, ND Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

PLANNED NATIONWIDE DIFFERENTIAL GPS SERVICE BROADCAST LOCATIONS Edinburg, ND Great Falls, MT Wenatchee, WA Medford, WI Jackson, WY Seneca, OR Klamath Falls, OR Gooding, ID Milwaukee, WI Ledyard, IA Iowa City, IA Rawlins, WY Jack Creek, NV Middlebury, VT Onondaga, MI Elmira, NY Pacific Junction, IA Goodland, KS Topeka, KS Austin, NV Henrieville, UT St. Marys, WV Cincinnati, OH Monterey, VA Fayetteville, AR Martinsville, VA Knoxville, TN Greensboro, NC Canton, OK Bakersfield, CA Fenner, CA Tucson, AZ El Paso, TX Munday, TX Odessa, Tx Bobo, MS Grady, AL Langtry, TX Existing Coast Guard/USACE Sites Nationwide Sites Green - Operating Red - Planned Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

NDGPS Coverage July 2003 Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Topics • What is NDGPS? • Where did NDGPS come from? • Applications • Status • Research – HA-NDGPS Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

High Accuracy NDGPS Program Building a Nationwide Centimeter System Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Program Objectives • Enable 3 -d dynamic positioning at the centimeter level throughout the NDGPS network • Coexist with the current NDGPS broadcast • Minimize the incremental cost of adding HA-NDGPS to NDGPS sites • Utilize existing broadcast antenna, reference stations, and site infrastructure • Incremental cost <$75 K/ existing site Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Broadcast Site Configuration REFERENCE STATION OBSERVABLES DATA MODULATOR FORMATTER CORRECTIONS DSP/Analog Card Rack Mount PC TRANSMITTER DGPS/NDGPS DIPLEXER TRANSMITTER HIGH ACCURACY DGPS Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS) TO ANTENNA

High Accuracy NDGPS Applications • Lane-keeping in land transportation applications • More accurate and efficient land, marine and aerial surveying and mapping • Minimize vessel under-keel clearance and enable autodocking in maritime applications • Precision agriculture • Machine control (Agriculture, Construction) • Snowplowing highways in whiteout conditions • Rail defect location and automated rail surveying Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

High Accuracy NDGPS R&D, Prototype, Standard Development & Implementation • The prototype High Accuracy NDGPS site operating in Hagerstown, MD, proves that 10 centimeter accuracy is achievable in real-time at ranges of 150 miles from the reference station • R&D funding will investigate improvements in accuracy, integrity and overall signal robustness • Finalize standard and implement at all 125 NDGPS sites (including original Coast Guard sites) Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Accuracy of HA-NDGPS Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)

Success Through Teamwork Army Corps of Engineers Department Of Transportation Federal Railroad Administration Federal Highway Administration Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS)