NATIONALISM UNIFICATION IN ITALY AND GERMANY WHAT IS

NATIONALISM & UNIFICATION IN ITALY AND GERMANY

WHAT IS NATIONALISM? Pride in your country � People built nation-states; Loyal to the people w/common bond � Those w/single “nationality” should unite � Independence displays a nation’s identity � Negative: Nationalist movements capable of breaking up huge empires! (i. e. Austro. Hungarian, Russian, & Ottoman Empires) � Positive: Nationalism can also build nations

UNIFICATIO N OF ITALY

ITALY � Italy formed from crumbling empire of Kingdom of 2 Sicily’s (North: Austria and South: Spain) � 3 leaders with diff. goals & diff. personalities unite Italy �Guiseppe Mazzini �Count Camillo di Cavour �Guiseppe Garibaldi

THE BOYS Giuseppe Mazzini Count Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi

GIUSEPPE MAZZINI � 1832, formed YOUNG ITALY (40 yrs. old & younger) � Believed nation-states were best hope for Europe � But rebellions failed & he was exiled

COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR � 1848, people look to Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia for leadership � King Victor Emmanuel II’s prime minister � Wants to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s power while achieving unification of Italy � Cavour not out to unite Italy…only wants power! � Takes over all of N. Italy & to take the south, secretly helps nationalist rebels in S. Italy

GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI � May 1860, he led small army of Italian nationalists to capture Sicily � He and his followers always wore bright red shirts “RED SHIRTS” � People voted to unite Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia & let King Emmanuel continue ruling � 1866, gains Venetia & becomes part of Italy � 1870, last part of Italy conquered—Papal States � Rome capital; pope governs section of Rome Vatican City

ITALY’S UNIFICATION � Despite unification, major problems � People in N & S had different ways of life & different dialects � Peasants revolt in South � Strikes/riots � Big in North economic problems Italy a poor country

REVIEW OF IMPORTANT MEN � MAZZINI BEGINS ITALY’S REVOLUTION FOR UNIFICATION � CAVOUR UNIFIED NORTHERN ITALY � GARIBALDI JOINED SOUTHERN ITALY TO NORTHERN ITALY � Papal states (including Rome) became last to join Italy

GERMAN Y AND PRUSSIA

MAIN EMPIRES � Like Italy, Germany and Prussia have unity in 1800 s � 39 German states = German Confederation � 2 largest states of Austro-Hungarian & Prussian Empires dominate

PRUSSIA � Mostly German population � Nationalism high & unites Prussia but tears apart Austria-Hungary � PRUSSIA’S ARMY MOST POWERFUL IN CENTRAL EUROPE � Prussia creates liberal constitution by Wilhelm IV

NEW POWER IN PRUSSIA � 1861, Wilhelm I took throne & wanted army to double his power, but parliament refused to give him money � Saw it as challenge of his authority, so assigns OTTO VON BISMARCK as prime minister (tough guy)

OTTO VON BISMARCK � Institutes REALPOLITIK—“politics of reality, ” aka, tough power � Parliament not agreeing with him, so went to king & got permission to rule w/o consent of Parliament & w/o legal budget � Famous “blood and iron” speech

WHAT ELSE DID BISMARCK DO? � 1864, created empire by forming alliance w/Prussia & Austria, fought Denmark for land, & increased nationalism � Provoked war between Austria & Prussia Seven Weeks War � Prussia won Venetia & German territories from Austria � For 1 st time E. & W. parts of Prussia kingdom joined

BISMARCK STARTS A WAR BY GOSSIPING � 1867, some German states remained independent, but problem majority of S. Germans Catholic controlled by Protestant Prussia � Bismarck tried to win over southerners, so sent false telegrams of Wilhelm insulting the French led to Franco-Prussian War (CREATES THE GERMAN STATE!)

WHAT DOES EUROPE LOOK LIKE NOW? � Jan. 18, 1871: King Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned Kaiser (emperor), with German empire known as Second Reich � 1815: Congress of Vienna established 5 Great Powers: Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, & Russia � By 1871 Britain & Germany most powerful