Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Topic 14 Building a

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Topic 14

Building a German Nation Aim: Students will be able to review the definition of Nationalism and begin to apply it to the unification of Germany. Do Now: Define the term Nationalism. Where have we heard of it before?

Congress of Vienna 1814 -1815 - peace plan to redraw the map of Europe. Austria’s Count Metternich sought to restore political life in Europe, including former rulers and boundaries Goal: maintain peace and stability Three principles: legitimacy, the balance of power, and compensation Having a united Germany meant dismantling the government of many German states Conservative peacemakers created the German Confederation, a weak alliance headed by Austria

Napoleon Between 1806 and 1812 Napoleon made important territorial changes in German-speaking lands Napoleon took lands along the Rhine River for France Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire and forced Austria to take less power He also organized a number of German states into the Rhine Confederation Napoleon encouraged the freeing of serfs, made trade easier, and abolished laws against Jews

The Spirit of Nationalism lasted from 1815 to 1914 Once the people accomplished their nationalistic goals and form a nation-state, they can then make their own laws and are said to be sovereign and to have autonomy. Nationalism was the guiding force that led to the unification of both Italy and Germany

Germany In 1815 there were 39 independent German states that had their own traditions, laws, and economic regulations The largest of these states was Prussia- located in northern Germany Prussia led the movement for unification 1862 - Prussia was under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck- chief minister

Economic Changes Promote Unity 1830 s- Prussia created an economic unit called the Zollverein dismantled tariff barriers between many Germanic states 1848 - Liberals had a meeting and demanded political unity Germanic states were to be throned by Frederick William IV of Prussia- he rejected the offer

Otto von Bismarck Served Prussia as a diplomat in Russia and in France In 1862 - King William I made Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister of Prussia 1871 - Otto von Bismark became Chancellor- highest official Goal: Wanted to create a strong and unified Germany Used his “blood and iron” to unite the German states under Prussian rule Wanted Prussian legislature to vote for more money to build up the army Liberals opposed it Bismark rose and dismissed their concerns

Success of Otto von Bismarck was successful due to his strong will Realpolitik- politics based on the needs of the state Power was more important than principles Main goal: to increase Prussia’s power, not to fulfill German nationalist aims Primary loyalty was to the Hohenzollerans- ruling dynasty of Prussia Bismarck’s goal: unite all German speaking people under the Hohenzollern crown

Prussian Army As Prime Minister, Bismark wanted to build up the Prussian army Liberal legislature refused to vote for funds for the military Bismarck strengthened the army using other funds Had a powerful and well equipped army Bismarck led Prussia into three wars which was supposed to increase Prussian prestige and power

Bismarck’s Military Plan Bismarck’s first plan was to form an alliance with Austria Prussia and Austria then took Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark 1866 - Austrian Prussian war- lasted 7 weeks and ended in Prussian victory Prussia annexed several northern German states Bismarck dissolved the Austrian-led German Confederation and created a new confederation dominated by Prussia Bismark wanted a reason to attack Austria

Success in Three Wars Bismarck’s Goal: Unite all German speaking people under the Hohenzollern crown Danish War - Cause: Wanted Schleswig and Holstein Asks Austria to assist and share in the spoils of war Needed a reason to fight with Austria later on Effects: Prussia gets Schleswig and Austria gets the better province Holstein

France Declares War on Prussia Franco-Prussian War in 1870 Napoleon III wanted to go into war in the hopes of masking problems in his country Bismarck changed the wording of a telegram and that offended the Frenchmen- sparked the Franco-Prussian War Why does Bismarck want the land of Alsace and Lorraine? Napoleon III declared war on Prussia France’s army is not well organized Army surrendered within a few weeks France lost this war and had to give up Alsace-Lorraine to Germany. German states unite under William I of Prussia German empire

Birth of German Empire King William I of Prussia became the ruler of a united Germany Set up a constitution with a two-house legislature Two houses: Bundesrat- upper house- appointed by the rulers of the German states Could veto any decisions from Reichstag Reichtag- lower house- elected by universal male suffrage

Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant German empire emerged as the industrial giant of the European continent Had several factories Ample iron and coal Disciplined and educated workforce Rapid growing population

Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant Built railroads Produced complex weapons for the world market Germans were the first to use synthetic chemicals and dyes

Iron Chancellor Bismarck wanted to keep France weak and isolated while building strong links with Austria and Russia Competed with Britain for overseas colonies Respected the British naval power and wanted to remain allies Bismarck was called the Iron Chancellor- sought to erase local loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial state Bismarck targeted 2 specific groups: Catholic Church and Socialists

Campaign Against the Church Catholics made up about 1/3 of the German population Bismarck was Lutheran Bismarck distrusted Catholics- felt their loyalty was to the pope instead of to the state Kulterkampf- “battle of civilization”- lasted from 1871 -1878 Goal: make Catholics put loyalty to state above the church Expelled Jesuits from Prussia Catholics will rebel against Bismark realizes his mistake and wants to make peace with the Church

The Iron Chancellor Campaign against Socialists Social Democratic Party – called for a true democracy and laws to improve conditions for the working class Bismarck feared the socialists would turn workers toward revolution Dissolved socialist groups, shut down their newspapers, banned meetings RESULT: Action backfired – people began to support a socialist cause Bismarck changes course: Sets up laws to help workers and pull them away from socialist promises Health and accident insurance Old age insurance and retirement benefits

Kaiser William II 1888 - William II succeeded his grandfather Asked Bismarck to resign William II believed in divine right rule Provided programs for social welfare Provided cheap transportation and electricity Excellent public school system

Section 3: Unifying Italy

Prior to Nationalism in Italy The Italian people spoke the same language but did not experience political unity since the end of the Roman Empire Italian Peninsula was divided among large and small states such as Lombardy and the kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont Austria controlled most of the northern part of the Italian Peninsula

Obstacles to Italian Unity Frequent warfare Foreign rule People only identified as part of a local region Idea of a unified Italy was inconceivable Between 1820 and 1848 - nationalists revolts exploded across the region

Mazzini Established Young Italy 1830 s- nationalist leader- Giuseppe Mazzini- founded Young Italy Goal of secret society- constitute Italy as one, free, independent, republican nation Set up a revolutionary republic in Rome

Count Camillo Cavour became Prime Minister in 1852 First reform was Sardinia’s economy Wanted to improve agriculture, build railroads, and encourage commerce by supporting free trade Long term goal: end Austrian power in Italy and annex the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia

Italian Unification Although revolutionary republic had failed, seeds of intense nationalism were planted What cultural aspects would soon help to unite Italy? Geography Language End trade barriers between Italian states

Cavour and Unification 1849 -Sardinia - Italian Nationalist movement King Victor Emmanuel II hoped to join other states to his own Count Camillo Cavour - Prime minister Edited Il Risorgimento believed in realpolitik Improved Sardinia’s economy - encouraged commerce by supporting free trade Long term goal: Expel Austrian power from Italy and add Lombardy and Venetia to Sardinia

Italy became allies with France Sardinia joined Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean War Sardinia did not win Cavour negotiated with Napoleon- Napoleon promised to aid Sardinia in case it faced war with Austria With the help from France, Sardinia defeated Austria and annexed Lombardy

Cavour, a Crafty Politican 1852 - Victor Emmanuel made Count Camillo Cavour his prime minister Cavour believed in Realpolitik Cavour’s goal: end Austrian power in Italy and annex the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia

Garibaldi’s “Red Shirts” Kingdom of Two Sicilies- Giuseppe Garibaldi was the leader Garibaldi’s goal was to create an Italian republic 1860 - recruited a force of 1, 000 red-shirted volunteers Went to Sicily and won and took over Naples

Unity at Last Garibaldi’s success alarmed Cavour urged Victor Emmanuel (king of Italy) to send Sardinian troops to deal with Garibaldi turned over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel By 1870 - for the first time since the fall of the Roman empire, Italy was a unified land

Unification Achieved In February 1861 Victor Emmanuel declared himself King of Italy The Constitution made it a limited monarchy with a Parliament Two areas still remain outside of Italy: Venice and Rome In 1866 min. was a corporate it’s Italy as a result of an alliance with Otto von Bismarck Rome was captured by Italian troops in 1871

Challenges No tradition of unity Few Italians felt tied to the nation Regional differences in the north and south Popes saw themselves as “prisoners” Italy was a constitutional monarchy

Problems Post-unification issues There was a gap, economically and culturally between the North and the South The North was more industrialized and the South was more agricultural Though it was a constitutional monarchy very few men have the right to vote

New Italian Government Under Victor Emmanuel- Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a two-house legislature King appointed members to upper house- could veto the lower house Slowly government extended suffrage to more men

Economic Changes Italy lacked natural resources Industrialization caused urbanization Population explosion Emigration- many began to move to the United States and Canada

Section 5: Democratic Reforms in Britain

“Two Nations” Benjamin Disraeli worked to bridge gap between the rich and poor (two nations) Disraeli expanded democratic rights and other social reforms

Parliament in Need of Reform 1815 - Britain was a constitutional monarchy with a parliament and two political parties Parliament: House of Lords (hereditary nobles and high ranking clergy) and House of Commons (lower class) House of Lords had a right to veto any bill passed by the House of Commons Old laws banned Catholics and non-Anglicans from voting or serving in Parliament

Reform Act of 1832 Whigs and Tories (political parties) battled over reform Whig- represented middle class and business interest Torie- represented nobles, landowners, and other interest Reform: redistributed seats in House of Commons, gave representation to large towns and cities Enlarged to electorate Granted suffrage to more men

Chartist Movement Chartist- working class interest Demanded universal male suffrage, annual parliamentary elections, and salaries for members of Parliament Secret ballot- allows people to cast their votes without announcing it publicly

Victorian Age 1837 -1901 - time people of Queen Victorian ideals: duty, thrift, honesty, hardwork, and respectability

Reforms Increase Parliamentary Democracy Benjamin Disraeli- forced the Tories into the modern Conservative Party Whigs- William Gladstone- became the liberal party Disraeli and Conservatives pushed for Bill of 1867: Electorate doubled in size Liberals extended suffrage to farmworkers and most other men Used secret ballot

Parliamentary Democracy Britain transformed into a parliamentary democracy Form of government where executive leaders are chosen by and responsible to the legislature 1911 - liberal government restricted the power of the lords Elected House of Commons reigned supreme

Economic and Social Reforms Laws were designed to help working class families whose labor supported the new industrial society Free trade- trade between countries without quotas, tariffs, or other restrictions Britain use to tax foreign imports to protect their local economies Middle class business leaders wanted to end tariffs

Corn Laws Farmers and wealthy supported corn laws because it kept the price of British grain high Free traders wanted Parliament to repeal- lower prices would open up trade Parliament repealed corn laws

Working Class Reforms Laws for the Working Class Factory Acts 1833 Mines Act 1842 Trade Unions Legalized 1825 Education Act 1870 Reform Act 1867 Fabian Society Labour Party

Abolition of Slavery 1700 s: Enlightenment thinkers shower the evils of slavery William Wilberforce introduced anti-slavery motions to Parliament 1807 - England became the first European power to abolish the slave trade 1833 - Parliament passed a law banning slavery in all British colonies

Crime and Punishment 1800 s: 200 crimes were punishable by death Executions were public 1850: many people were sent to Britain’s penal colony of Australia as their punishment instead of being killed

Victories for the Working Class 1842: Mine owners were forbidden from employing women and children under 10 1847: Law limited women and children to a 10 -hour work day Safety conditions were changed Minimum wages were set Between 1890 and 1914 - union membership soared Disraeli- laws improved public health Gladstone- education for all

Women Suffrage Emmeline Pankhurst- leading suffragist Originally tried non-violent actions Lady Constance Lytton- jailed for her demonstrations 1918 - women over 30 had the right to vote

Methods The Suffragettes Emily Davison was killed when she threw herself under the king's horse at the Derby as a protest at the government's continued failure to grant women the right to vote.

Responses Ignore it Result? Arrests Hunger Strikes Violent forced feedings 1913 - the government passed what became known as the 'Cat and Mouse' Act. Hunger striking prisoners were released until they grew strong again, and then re-arrested.

Success World War I ended the militant Suffragette movement when Emmeline turned her energies to supporting the war effort. In 1918, the Representation of the People Act gave voting rights to women over 30. Emmeline died on 14 June 1928, shortly after women were granted equal voting rights with men (at 21).

Ireland England began conquering Ireland in 1100 Irish never accepted English rule- absentee landlords The Great Hunger (The Irish Potato Famine) Many Irish peasants lived in poverty Catholics had to pay tax to Church of England 1829: Parliament passed Catholic Emancipation Act- allowed Catholics to vote 1914 - Ireland gained home rule

Section 6: Divisions and Democracy in France

Napoleon III and the Second Empire Napoleon III ruled almost as dictator Positive things he did: Lifted censorship and gave legislation more power Issued a new constitution that extended democratic rights Promoted investment in industry Ferdinand de Lesseps- organized the building of the Suez Canal- manmade water way connecting the Mediterranean with the Red Sea and Indian Ocean

Foreign Affairs Napoleon III tried to place Maximilian, an Austrian Hapsburg prince, on the throne of Mexico Wanted to create a French satellite Venture failed Maximilian was overthrown and shot

Franco-Prussian War Prussia’s Otto von Bismark manipulated Napoleon III into war War was a disaster for France was forced to surrendered to the Germans Prussians caused the people of Paris to starve France had to surrender the lands of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany

Paris Commune Goal: save the French republic from royalists Communards- included workers and socialists as well as bourgeoisie republicans Rejected the harsh peace that the National Assembly has signed with Germany Radicals dreams of creating a new socialist order National government tried to stop Communards Rebels set fire to several government buildings

Coalition Government Third Republic remained in place for 70 years Had a 2 house legislature Lower house: Chamber of Deputies- elected by universal male suffrage Real power was in the hands of the premier (Prime Minister)

Political Parties France had many political parties- royalists, constitutional monarchists, moderate republicans and radicals Politicians formed coalitions- alliances with various parties Alliances allowed citizens to vote for a party that most nearly matches their own beliefs

Dreyfus Affair 1894 Scandal Captain Alfred Dreyfus was charged with treason because he was thought to be spying for the Germans Military had evidence to prove it was him, lawyers were not allowed to see it Anti-sematic action 1896 - government proved it was not him, Dreyfus never gained a new trial Began the Zionist movement- nationalist movement devoted to rebuilding a Jewish state in the Jews’ ancient homeland

Reforms in France Passed laws regulating wages, hours, safety conditions for workers Created public workers Separation of Church and State- 1905 French women gained the right to vote in 1946

Section 8: Nationalism in Eastern Europe and Russia

Old Empires Eastern and Central Europe- the Austrian Hapsburgs and the Ottoman Turks ruled diverse ethnic groups Nationalist feelings among these people contributed to tension in Europe

The Hapsburg Empire 1800 s- Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling house in Europe Hapsburgs controlled Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine, and northern Italy

Changes for Austria Congress of Vienna- “rule and change nothing” Newspapers used censorship Government tried to limit industrial development 1840 s- factories began Problems: growth of cities, worker discontent, stirrings of socialism

Multinational Empire 50 million people- fewer than a quarter were German -speaking Austrians Almost half belonged to different Slavic groups: Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes Empire also included Hungarians and Italians

Francis Joseph Took the throne at 18 Ruled until 1916 Granted a new constitution that set up a legislature Legislature was dominated by German-speaking Austrians

Formation of the Dual. Monarchy 1866 - war with Prussia brought renewed pressure for change from Hungarians within the empire Ferenc Deak- created the Dual Monarchy

The Dual Monarchy 18 yr old Francis Joseph takes the throne Ignored nationalist demands Granted a new constitution Set up legislature-German speaking Austrians Issues? DUAL MONARCHY Francis Deak Austrian – Hungarian Compromise – Separate states Own parliament and constitution Shared: Same king – Francis Joseph Ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs

Austrian-Hungary Government Under Dual Monarchy- Austria and Hungary were separate states Each had their own constitution and parliament Francis Joseph ruled as both emperor of Austria and king of Hungary Two states shared: ministries of finance, defense, foreign affairs Independent of each otherwise

Ottoman Empire Multinational empire Empire stretched from Eastern Europe and the Balkans to North Africa and the Middle East Serbia won autonomy in 1830 Southern Greece won independence in 1830 Europeans saw the Ottoman Empire as the “sick man of Europe” Europe scrambled to divide up Ottoman lands Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Ottoman Lands Russia pushed south toward the Black Sea and Istanbul Britain and France set up their lands in the Middle East and North Africa By the early 1900 s- Europe was referring to the region as the “Balkan powder keg” Explosion came in 1914 - helped to set off World War I

Reform and Reaction Reformers wanted to free Russia from an autocratic rule, economic backwardness and social injustice Prior efforts to modernize Russia had little success

Conditions in Russia is the largest and most populated nation in Europe Russia is a multinational empire Russia is part of Europe and part of Asia Had natural resources

Russia’s Social Structure Rigid social structure Landowning nobles dominated society Rejected change Middle class was too small to have an influence Majority of Russians were serfs

Russia: Reform and Reaction Background Multinational empire Had immense amount of national resources OBSTACLES TO PROGRESS Economically underdeveloped Rigid social structure – serfdom

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism Three Pillars of Russian Absolutism: “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism” ALEXANDER I – 1801 Eased censorship At Congress of Vienna – joined conservative side opposing liberals and nationalists NICHOLAS I – 1825 Suppressed Decembrist revolt - What did they want? Cracked down on all dissent Censorship Secret police – hunted critics Suppression of all non – Russians Exiles – sent to Siberia REFORMS: Law code Economic Reforms Tried to limit the power of the landowning serfs

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism ALEXANDER II – 1855 Defeat during the Crimean war made Russia realize how back ward they were This forced czars to make reforms: *1861 – Emancipation of the serfs Industrialization Urbanization Local governments – elected officials ZEMSTVOS Reduced length of military service Trial by jury Eased censorship RESULTS OF REFORMS: Peasants had freedom, but not land Liberals wanted a constitution Radicals didn’t want a czar Czar moves back toward repression 1881 – Terrorists assassinate Alexander II

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism ALEXANDER III – Responds by instating harsh policies – Like Nicholas I Wanted to wipe out liberals and revolutionaries Increased power of the secret police Restored strict censorship Exiled people to Siberia Russification Program – one language, one church, rid the country of non-Russians *Period of Intolerance and Persecution – Poles Muslims Jews – Pogroms: planned attacks against Jews Economic Policies: INDUSTRIALAIZATION Build railroads (Trans – Siberian) Factories Mines Socialists Revolutionaries organize Marxists - Lenin

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism NICHOLAS II – 1905 Russia vs. Japan war Russia defeated – people blame government because it was inefficient, corrupt, military unprepared – weapons or supplies REACTION: Reforms are demanded, revolts, demonstrations Workers – short hours and better pay Liberals – constitution Radicals – complete change in government Result: Bloody Sunday – massacre of protesters REVOLUTION OF 1905 – Reaction to Bloody Sunday Strikes multiply Revolts Workers took over Zemstvos Minority nationalists called for autonomy Peasants demanded land REACTION: Czar issued OCTOBER MANIFESTO: “Freedom of person conscience, speech, assembly, and union. ” Duma – elected national legislature

Ruling with Absolute Power Tsars had ruled for absolute power for centuries Tsars made limited attempts at liberal reform: eased censorship and made legal and economic reforms to improve the lives of serfs The Enlightenment and the French Revolution had little effect on Russia

Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution Alexander II came to the throne in 1855 Alexander II represent a pattern of reform and repression Crimean War- War that broke out after Russia tried to seize Ottoman lands along the Danube River War ended in Russian defeat

Freeing the Serfs 1861 - the serfs became free Freedom brought issues: former serfs now had to buy land they were too poor Peasants remained poor and discontent Many peasants moved to the cities Drove further reforms

More Reforms Under Alexander II Set up a local government Elected assemblies- Zemstvos- which were responsible for road repairs, schools, and agriculture Legal reforms- trial by jury Eased censorship Military service was reduced Brutal discipline was limited

Revolutionary Currents Alexander’s reforms failed to satisfy many Russians Peasants had freedom but not land Liberals wanted a constitution and elected legislature Radicals wanted a socialist idea of government March 13, 1881 - Alexander II was assassinated

Alexander III brought in new harsh methods into government He increased the power of the secret police, restored censorship, and exiled critics to Serbia Russification- aimed at suppressing the cultures of non. Russian peoples within the empire Alexander III insisted on one language (Russian) and one religion (Eastern Orthodox) Poles, Ukrainians, Finns, Armenians, Muslims, Jews, and many others suffered persecutions

Persecution of Pogroms Alexander III- persecuted Jewish people in Russia Tsar limited the number of Jewish scholars Persecutions encouraged pogroms- violent mob attacks on Jewish people Gangs beat and killed Jews became refugees

Russia’s Drive to Industrialize Nicholas II’s government focused on economic development Encouraged railroads Government and business officials applauded economic growth Russians found long hours, low pay, dangerous working conditions

Turning Point War between Russia and Japan Discontent Protestors Workers went on strike “Bloody Sunday”

Revolution of 1905 Strikes multiplied after Bloody Sunday Peasants revolted and demanded land October Manifesto- Nicholas II promised: “freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union. ” Nicholas agreed to summon the Duma- an elected national legislature

Results of the Revolution Nicholas II appointed a new prime minister- Peter Stolypin Arrests, pogroms, and executions followed at the conservative Stolypin sought to restore order Stolypin strengthened zemstvos and improved education Stolypin was assassinated in 1911