Nationalism Triumphs In Europe Chapter 22 n AIM

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe Chapter 22

Nationalism Triumphs In Europe Chapter 22

n AIM: What factors contributed to the unification of Germany? n DO NOW: –

n AIM: What factors contributed to the unification of Germany? n DO NOW: – Pass up your homework – Answer in your notebook: How would you describe what makes an American?

Section 1: German Unification n Foundation of Unification – German National Character § What

Section 1: German Unification n Foundation of Unification – German National Character § What is meant by it? – Napoleon’s Impact § How did Napoleon impact German Unification? – Prussian Leadership § The Zollverein: § Who is the architect of German Unification?

Otto von Bismarck n Who is Bismarck? – Prussian Junker – 1862 - King

Otto von Bismarck n Who is Bismarck? – Prussian Junker – 1862 - King William I made him chancellor or prime minister – Master of Realpolitik: n By what means will Bismarck unify Germany? – Blood and Iron – Why does he want to unify Germany?

Success in Three Wars Bismarck’s Goal: Unite all German speaking people under the Hohenzollern

Success in Three Wars Bismarck’s Goal: Unite all German speaking people under the Hohenzollern crown n Danish War - n – Cause: § Wanted Schleswig and Holstein § Asks Austria to assist and share in the spoils of war § Needed a reason to fight with Austria later on – Effects: § Prussia gets Schleswig and Austria gets the better province Holstein

Success in Three Wars Austrian – Prussian War (1866) Causes: – Bismarck wants the

Success in Three Wars Austrian – Prussian War (1866) Causes: – Bismarck wants the Confederation of the Rhine states dominated by Austria – Claimed that Austria took the better province during the Danish War on purpose n Effects: – Annexed or added Holstein and several other German states – Bismarck dissolved the Austrian led confederation and created a new German confederation dominated by Prussia n n

Success in Three Wars n n Franco – Prussian War (1870) Causes: n Effects:

Success in Three Wars n n Franco – Prussian War (1870) Causes: n Effects: – Growing issues between France and Prussia – Bismarck wants Alsace – Lorraine territory, why? – The Ems Dispatch – Quick victory for Prussia – Downfall of the second empire of France – German States unite under William I of Prussia German empire – France had to give up the territories of Alsace and Lorraine – France has to pay an indemnity – 1871 – King William I of Prussia - Kaiser

The German Empire n Bismarckian Government – Constitution set up by Bismarck – Two

The German Empire n Bismarckian Government – Constitution set up by Bismarck – Two – house legislature – § Bundersat upper house - Appointed by rules of the German states § Reichstag – Lower house – elected by universal male suffrage

Section 2: Strengthening Germany Large Supplies of Coal and iron Gov’t Support of industry

Section 2: Strengthening Germany Large Supplies of Coal and iron Gov’t Support of industry and economic progress Germany: Giant of Industry Pop. Boom; growing supplies of workers and consumers Earlier Progress in Separate states Use of science to develop new products and processes

The Iron Chancellor n Foreign Policy – Sought to keep France weak and isolated

The Iron Chancellor n Foreign Policy – Sought to keep France weak and isolated while building strong links with Austria and Russia – He respected British naval power, and wanted to remain allies

The Iron Chancellor n Domestic Policy – Campaign against the Church § Why did

The Iron Chancellor n Domestic Policy – Campaign against the Church § Why did he distrust Catholics? § Launched Kulturkampf – “Battle for Civilization” – What was the goal? § § § State supervision of catholic education State Approval of priests Closed some religious orders Expelled Jesuits from Prussia Couples married by civil authority

The Iron Chancellor n Campaign against Socialists – Social Democratic Party – called for

The Iron Chancellor n Campaign against Socialists – Social Democratic Party – called for a true democracy and laws to improve conditions for the working class – Bismarck feared the socialists would turn workers toward revolution § Dissolved socialist groups, shut down their newspapers, banned meetings – RESULT: Action backfired – people began to support a socialist cause – Bismarck changes course: § Sets up laws to help workers and pull them away from socialist promises § Health and accident insurance § Old age insurance and retirement benefits

William II n William II Succeeds William I as Kaiser – Asks Bismarck to

William II n William II Succeeds William I as Kaiser – Asks Bismarck to step down – “There is only one master in the Reich and that is I” – Believed in divine right – Resisted democratic reforms – But provided services – § Social welfare benefits § Cheap transportation and electricity § Excellent system of public schools § Put a great deal of money into the military

Section 3: Italian Unification n Background: – many independent kingdoms and states – At

Section 3: Italian Unification n Background: – many independent kingdoms and states – At Vienna Austria took control of N. Italy – Hapsburg monarchs ruled other states – French Bourbon king ruled Naples and Sicily

Young Italy n Nationalists organized secret societies – Giuseppe Mazzini - “Young Italy” §

Young Italy n Nationalists organized secret societies – Giuseppe Mazzini - “Young Italy” § GOAL - “to constitute Italy, one free, independent, republican nation” § 1849 - Helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome - French forces soon toppled § Lived most of his life in exile

Italian Unification n Although revolutionary republic had failed, seeds of intense nationalism were planted

Italian Unification n Although revolutionary republic had failed, seeds of intense nationalism were planted – What cultural aspects would soon help to unite Italy? § Geography § Language § End trade barriers between Italian states

Cavour and Unification n 1849 -Sardinia - Italian Nationalist movement – King Victor Emmanuel

Cavour and Unification n 1849 -Sardinia - Italian Nationalist movement – King Victor Emmanuel II hoped to join other states to his own – Count Camillo Cavour - Prime minister § Edited Il Risorgimento § believed in realpolitik – Improved Sardinia’s economy - encouraged commerce by supporting free trade – Long term goal: Expel Austrian power from Italy and add Lombardy and Venetia to Sardinia

Cavour and Unification n Crimean War - 1855 - against Russia – Sardinia joins

Cavour and Unification n Crimean War - 1855 - against Russia – Sardinia joins - no rewards or territory just a voice – Gained France as an ally – Failure of the Concert of Europe

Cavour and Unification n Plombieres – Cavour gained a promise from Napoleon III that

Cavour and Unification n Plombieres – Cavour gained a promise from Napoleon III that France would support a Sardinian war with Austria for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom (controlled by Sardinia) – Sardinia would annex a number of Italian states such as Venice, Lombardy, Parma, Modena and part of the Papal States – In return France would get Savoy and Nice

Cavour and Unification Austria declared a war on Sardinia in 1859 after being provoked

Cavour and Unification Austria declared a war on Sardinia in 1859 after being provoked n Sardinia Piedmont gained Lombardy but not Venetia as a result of the 1859 war with Austria n

Garibaldi and Sicily n n n Giuseppe Garibaldi liberated southern Italy and Sicily His

Garibaldi and Sicily n n n Giuseppe Garibaldi liberated southern Italy and Sicily His army known as the Red Shirts extended the national activity in the South Took Control of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Cavour feared Garibaldi would keep the land for himself Garibaldi the allowed his conquests to be added into Sardinia-Piedmont

Unification Achieved n n In February 1861 Victor Emmanuel declared himself King of Italy

Unification Achieved n n In February 1861 Victor Emmanuel declared himself King of Italy – The Constitution made it a limited monarchy with a Parliament Two areas still remain outside of Italy: Venice and Rome In 1866 min. was a corporate it’s Italy as a result of an alliance with Otto von Bismarck Rome was captured by Italian troops in 1871

Problems Post-unification issues n There was a gap, economically and culturally between the North

Problems Post-unification issues n There was a gap, economically and culturally between the North and the South n The North was more industrialized and the South was more agricultural n Though it was a constitutional monarchy very few men have the right to vote n

Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires n The Austrian Hapsburgs – Oldest Empire in

Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires n The Austrian Hapsburgs – Oldest Empire in Europe – Empire contained many conquered / acquired territories – Government tried to limit industrial development – BECAUSE it would threaten traditional ways of life – By the 1840’s Austria had factories, discontent workers, cities, and socialism

The Dual Monarchy 18 yr old Francis Joseph takes the throne – Ignored nationalist

The Dual Monarchy 18 yr old Francis Joseph takes the throne – Ignored nationalist demands – Granted a new constitution – Set up legislature-German speaking Austrians – Issues? n DUAL MONARCHY – Francis Deak § Austrian – Hungarian Compromise – – Separate states – Own parliament and constitution – Shared: § Same king – Francis Joseph § Ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs n

The Ottoman Empire n Why called the sick/dying man of Europe? – – Multinational

The Ottoman Empire n Why called the sick/dying man of Europe? – – Multinational empire Autonomy – Serbs Europeans want to divide up Ottoman lands – strategic location Balkan Wars- Powder Keg of Europe – why?

Section 5: Russia, Reform and Reaction n Background – Multinational empire – Had immense

Section 5: Russia, Reform and Reaction n Background – Multinational empire – Had immense amount of national resources – OBSTACLES TO PROGRESS § Economically underdeveloped § Rigid social structure – serfdom

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism Three Pillars of Russian Absolutism: “Orthodoxy, Autocracy,

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism Three Pillars of Russian Absolutism: “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism” n n ALEXANDER I – 1801 – Eased censorship – At Congress of Vienna – joined conservative side opposing liberals and nationalists NICHOLAS I – 1825 – Suppressed Decembrist revolt - What did they want? – Cracked down on all dissent – Censorship – Secret police – hunted critics – Suppression of all non – Russians – Exiles – sent to Siberia – REFORMS: § Law code § Economic Reforms § Tried to limit the power of the landowning serfs

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism ALEXANDER II – 1855 – Defeat during

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism ALEXANDER II – 1855 – Defeat during the Crimean war made Russia realize how back ward they were – This forced czars to make reforms: § *1861 – Emancipation of the serfs § Industrialization § Urbanization § Local governments – elected officials ZEMSTVOS § Reduced length of military service § Trial by jury § Eased censorship n RESULTS OF REFORMS: n – – – Peasants had freedom, but not land Liberals wanted a constitution Radicals didn’t want a czar Czar moves back toward repression 1881 – Terrorists assassinate Alexander II

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism n ALEXANDER III – Responds by instating

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism n ALEXANDER III – Responds by instating harsh policies – Like Nicholas I – Wanted to wipe out liberals and revolutionaries – Increased power of the secret police – Restored strict censorship – Exiled people to Siberia – Russification Program – one language, one church, rid the country of non-Russians – *Period of Intolerance and Persecution – § Poles § Muslims § Jews – Pogroms: planned attacks against Jews – Economic Policies: § INDUSTRIALAIZATION – Build railroads (Trans – Siberian) – Factories – Mines – Socialists § Revolutionaries organize § Marxists - Lenin

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism n NICHOLAS II – 1905 – Russia

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism n NICHOLAS II – 1905 – Russia vs. Japan war § Russia defeated – people blame government because it was inefficient, corrupt, military unprepared – weapons or supplies – REACTION: Reforms are demanded, revolts, demonstrations § Workers – short hours and better pay § Liberals – constitution § Radicals – complete change in government § Result: Bloody Sunday – massacre of protesters – REVOLUTION OF 1905 – Reaction to Bloody Sunday § Strikes multiply § Revolts § Workers took over Zemstvos § Minority nationalists called for autonomy § Peasants demanded land – REACTION: § Czar issued OCTOBER MANIFESTO: “Freedom of person conscience, speech, assembly, and union. ” § Duma – elected national legislature

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism RESULTS OF THE REVOLUTION: § 1906 -

The Tsars: A History of Russian Absolutism RESULTS OF THE REVOLUTION: § 1906 - Duma met and was dissolved by czar § Appointed a prime minister (Peter Stolypin) Conservative – Restores order with arrests, executions, pogroms – REFORMS: § Strengthened local governments § Improved education § Moderate land reform § Assassinated in 1911 n 1914 – Russia still an autocratic country, shimmering with peasant and worker unrest