Nationalism Section 8 3 Nationalism A Force for

Nationalism Section 8 -3

Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity Two Views of Nationalism n Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-states n Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjects n Three different types of nationalist movements: n 1. unification merges culturally similar lands n 2. separation splits off culturally distinct groups n 3. state-building binds separate cultures into one

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires The Breakup of the Austrian Empire • Austria includes people from many ethnic groups • 1866 defeat forces emperor to split empire into Austria and Hungary but still ruled by emperor The Russian Empire Crumbles • After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over empire • Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture n This policy further splits Russia and strengthens ethnic nationalism

Cavour Unites Italy Cavour Leads Italian Unification n Camillo di Cavour—prime minister of kingdom of Sardinia in 1852 n Gets French help to win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land Garibaldi Brings Unity n Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy n Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia n Garibaldi steps aside, allowing king of Sardinia to rule n Control of Venetia, Papal States finally unites Italy

Bismarck Unites Germany Prussia Leads German Unification n Prussia has advantages that help it unify Germany: n mainly German population n powerful army n creation of liberal constitution

continued Bismarck Unites Germany Bismarck Takes Control n Junkers—conservative wealthy landowners—support Prussian Wilhelm I n Junker realpolitik master Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister n Realpolitik—power politics without room for idealism n Bismarck defies Prussian parliament Prussia Expands n Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces n Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia

Bismarck Unites Germany continued Seven Weeks’ War n Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to provoke war n Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern n Germany n Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for first time The Franco-Prussian War n Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all n Germans n Wilhelm is crowned kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles n Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance

A Shift in Power Balance Is Lost n In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe: Austria, Prussia, Britain, France, and Russia n By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have become the top two in Europe