Nationalism Nationalism and Imperialism Objective Discuss and analyze
Nationalism
Nationalism and Imperialism • Objective: Discuss and analyze major historical events, historical figures, and key ideas of Nationalism and Imperialism. • Main Idea: Nationalism in 1800 s sparked revolution and new countries are created while monarchies fall, changing maps and power in Europe. • Key Terms: Triple Alliance, Otto von Bismark, Kaiser Wilhelm I, Ottoman Empire, Balkans, Crimean War, Czar, Bloody Sunday
Nationalism-devotion to one’s nation or national group. • Culture-Shared beliefs and a way of life creating a common bond. • History-A shared past connecting people as a group. • Religion-A common religion helps unite people. • Language-A common language is a key element of nationalism. • Territory-A shared land gives people a sense of unity.
Italy
Nationalism: Italian Unification • Italy-Separate states after fall of Rome, reunited (mostly) under Napoleon, and then separated again. Rise of nationalism during this time. • Congress of Vienna separate states without concern for national/ethnic borders. Italians, and others, grew in opposition of these artificial borders.
Nationalism: Italian Unification • Over the course of 65 years, nationalist movements united Italy piece by piece. • The wars between Austria and Prussia, and the Franco. Prussian war, weakened Austrian presence in Italy, who voted for total unification in 1870. • Early days of unification were plagued with violence and poverty. As a result many Italian migrated to other countries. • Eventually voting and labor reform occurred, and widespread industrialization brought Italy into the 20 th century. • In 1882, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany formed a military alliance called the Triple Alliance which would lead most of Europe into WWI.
Nationalism: German Unification
Nationalism: German Unification • German Confederation was united under Napoleon but were not unified as one nation but like Italy had a common language and culture. • Revolution of 1848 -the uprisings in Italy and Germany. In Germany as Wilhelm IV(Wilhelm I) limited free speech and other democratic reforms. • Broken promises, the Zollverein (economic union of German states), and Prussian military leader Otto von Bismark brings Germany to unification by conquering French, Austrian and southern German lands. • Bismark named chancellor and Wilhelm IV, was named Kaiser(Emperor) Wilhelm I. The balance of power in Europe shifted as the German Empire (Second Reich) flourished. • The German Empire created alliances with Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
Nationalism: Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empires • The Hapsburgs like most monarchs implement secret police, censorship, alliances, and laws to promote absolutism. All of this was not enough. • Emperor Franz Ferdinand abdicated. His nephew Franz Joseph I took the throne and created an unstable dual monarchy (Austria and Hungary), lasting through WWI.
Crimea
Nationalism: Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empires • The Ottoman Empire had many ethnic and religious groups (Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews), and could not control nationalists movements within. • The Crimean War occurs in the Balkans as a result of ethnic tensions, control of Constantinople, and religious issues, and alliances. • Turks+British+French+Austrians (who flip) vs Russia • The result is: -neutralized area for trade but relations are unsettled. -Alexander II of Russia wants to fix Russia’s problems and overcome constant defeat. -Austria doesn’t get much help in Italy from allies during Austrian-Prussian war , loses Italian lands.
Nationalism: Unrest in Russia
Nationalism: Unrest in Russia • Russian Empire enormous and incredibly diverse. Czarsemperors who ruled through autocratic government (absolutism). Not industrialized and serfdom exists into 20 th century. • Decembrist revolution (army led in 1825 against Nicholas I), failed reforms (Alex II-banned serfdom, allowed local govt, restructured military ALL gone with Alex III), loss in war (Crimean and Russo-Japanese), and an assassinated czar (Alexander II) were all blows to the strength of Russia. • Pogroms-Jewish people were blamed, and killed, without punishment.
Nationalism: Unrest in Russia • Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad ( connects western and eastern Russia) under Nicholas II led to conflict with Japan, ending in a Russian defeat, again. • A need for change, leads Marxists Vladimir Lenin to stage a revolution. • The Russian Revolution (1905) begins with Bloody Sunday. Thousands marched upon the Winter Place in St. Petersburg to meet the czar. Hundreds were shot and killed. A widespread uprising followed (2 million workers protested). • Demands were met when the czar implemented the October Manifesto (official promise for reform-more democracy, new constitution, and freedom of speech, assembly, and right to vote) and the Duma (elected governing body), but more changes would soon occur. • Nicholas II had a hard time accepting change.
Nationalism: Latin America
Nationalism: Latin America • Many countries in Latin America are also swept up by Nationalists movement, and have liberal victories against imperial powers Spain and Portugal. • Mexico-Gains independence from Spain in 1821, but corrupt leaders bring about struggles to reform for much of the 19 th and 20 th centuries. Corrupt leaders slow the process of modernizing Mexico. rights for peasants, forced Diaz and other corrupt leaders, out of office. • Cuba-Backed by the U. S. through yellow journalism, independence movements began in 1860 s. The U. S. defeated Spain as Cuba’s imperial power easily in 1898, receiving Puerto Rice, Guam, and the Philippines in return trough a treaty. • Caribbean-the first black nationalist movement begins here after a successful slave revolt in Haiti, and in the U. S. when black Americans realize their potential for success. • South America-throughout the 1800 s nearly all of SA is freed of its imperial powers Spain and Portugal.
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