NATIONALISM ITALY GERMANY Austrian Empire Weakens Austrian Empire

NATIONALISM: ITALY & GERMANY

Austrian Empire Weakens • Austrian Empire • Brought together 9 ethnic groups • Prussia defeats Austria in Austro -Prussian War gained control of N. German Confederation • Austrian leader Francis Joseph pressured by Hungarians to divide him empire in half • Austrian and Hungary became independent states • Empire now called Austria-Hungary • Separated into several nationstates after WWI

Russian Empire Weakens • Nationalism broke 370 year empire ruled by czars • Ruled over Russians, Ukranians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks. • Each group had its own culture • Russification • During Romanov dynasty • Russification- forcing Russian culture to all groups in Russia • Attempt to strengthen control • Backfired by strengthening nationalist feelings/led to disunification of Russia • Led to Russia’s breakdown after WWI & Communist Rev.

Ottoman Empire Weakens • Controlled by the Turks • Ruled over Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians • 1856 - Ottomans grant equal citizenship to all people due to French/British pressure • Angered the Turks • Armenian Genocide • Massacred and deported thousands of Armenians • Ottoman Empire broke apart after WWI

Italy’s Expansion • Camillo di Cavour • Chosen as Sardinia’s (Italy) Prime Minister • Used alliances/diplomacy to gain control of N. Italy • Realized that Austrian empire was roadblock for expansion • Made and Alliance with Napoleon III (French Emperor) • Provoked a war with Austria and France joined the fight

Garibaldi Brings Unity • Guiseppe Garibaldi • Southern Italy • Bold/visionary soldier • Wore a bright red shirt into battle • Him & followers known as “Red Shirts” • Conquered/united all of Southern Italy • Rome became capital of United Kingdom of Italy • Vatican City- section of Rome controlled by the Pope

Uniting Germany • Austrian Empire dominated Germany • Prussia wanted to Unify all German states • Prussia was majority German population • Prussia’s army most powerful in Europe • Riots in Berlin (current Germany capital) forced writing of constitution • Otto von Bismark • Chosen as Prime Minister • Junker-conservative/wealthy land owner • Mastered realpolitik -politics of reality

German Unification • Austria & Prussia form an alliance & fight Denmark • Alliance started by Bismark • Won two border provinces Schleswig & Holstein • Seven Weeks War • Bismark (Prussia) stirred up border dispute w/ Austria • Prussia crushed Austria • More land for German Annexation

Franco Prussian War • 1867 - few southern German states were not under Prussian control • Bismark • Argued that a war with France would rally the south to unite with Prussia • Expert at manufacturing incidents • Made up a lie that French ambassador insulted Prussian King • France declared war on Prussia • Prussian army poured into France • Took France under siege- forced surrender 1871

Franco Prussian War Cont’d • King Wilhelm I-Prussia • Crowned kaiser- emperor • Germany called their empire 2 nd reich

Shift in Power • 1815 Congress of Vienna established 5 great powers 1. Great Britain 2. France 3. Austria 4. Prussia 5. Russia • Mid 1800 s- Prussia and German states unite to form Germany • 1871 - GB and Germany were most powerful economically, and militarily