Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia Nationalism after

Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia

Nationalism after WWI • Nationalist activity began in India, Turkey, and some of the Southwest Asian countries

Indian Nationalism Grows • Indians applies European views of nationalism and democracy • Indian National Congress 1885 Muslim League 1906 -Even though Hindus and Muslim were divided, they had the same goal: Independence

Nationalist Activity • India wanted self-government • Joined the British army – thought they would gain more rights in government But NO, still treated poorly – Angered Indians acted violently – British Governments formed • “Rowlatt Act” : protesters in prison without trial. • Educated Indians denied this law, rebelled

Amritsar Massacre • Hindus and Muslim gather in Amritsar – angered British – British government forbid public meetings. – British commander told the army to kill them-> 400 died. 1200 wounded – Angered India • Loyal Indians revolutionaries and nationalists

Mohandas K. Gandhi • Gandhi: Leader of Independence movement • Politically acted with his religious ideas • Called Mahatma = “GREAT SOUL” http: //www. youtube. com/watc h? v=z. C-thc. JDoz. Q

Civil Disobedience • Stated principle of satyagraha= “truth-force, ” “civil disobedience” – Disobeying unfair laws – Gandhi required “No Violence” – Purpose: weaken British government and economy • Don’t do things that will help British. • Boycott of British cloth – Dropped British cloth sales

Salt March • Indians could only buy salt from British government • walked 240 miles to the seacoast – > “Salt March” • Made their own salt • Tried to shut down British salt works, but failed and were attacked by the Police • Gandhi and 60, 000 people were arrested

India Self-Rule • Indians gain political power – Government of India Act: providing selfgovernment • Helped move closer to full independence – Muslims & Hindus fought for more power • Hindus # > Muslims #

Nationalism Spreads to S. W. Asia • At the same time, Southwest Asian countries wanted independence • Each country had separate path • Nationalism grew – Ottoman Empire fell – Western countries had interest in SW Asia

Turkey • Turkey: only part of Ottoman Empire left • Mustafa Kemal (president of Republic of Turkey) – Modernized the nation: • Separated laws of Islam & laws of the nation • Gave women more rights/freedom-vote, public office

Turkey IN and OUT of Ottoman Empire

Persia (Iran) • Before WWI: Great Britain & Russia =sphere of influence – British wanted all of Persia= irritated Persian nationalists – Persians wanted freedom • Pahlavi (new leader) modernized Persia – But kept all power – Changed Persia->Iran Before 1935 Persia 1935~ Iran

Saudi Arabia • Held firmly to Islamic law (unlike Turkey) • Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud wanted to unify Arabia – Formed new kingdom: Saudi Arabia • Continued Arab & Islamic traditions

Oil and Economic Development • Nationalism grows in Southwast Asia • Industrialized countries needed petroleum products oil interest in Southwest Asia • Huge oil countries: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait • Persian Gulf: 2/3 of world’s oil • Westerners try to get those oil regions