Nationalism and Unification Failure of the Revolutions of

Nationalism and Unification

Failure of the Revolutions of 1848 A. France: Louis Philippe & Louis Blanc B. Italy: Giuseppe Mazzini C. Austria: Hungary & Francis Joseph D. Germany: National Assembly & Frederick William E. “Age of Realpolitik” - refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on practical and material factors and considerations, rather than ideological notions or moralistic or ethical premises. In this respect, it shares aspects of its philosophical approach with those of realism and pragmatism.

The Crimean War 1853 -1856

• Why? Ø Religious Issues Ø Ø Ø Russia Vs. Ottoman Empire OE gave France/RC control of some Christian sites in Holy Land Rus. occupied OE provinces of Moldavia & Walachia in order to “protect” Orthodox Christians Russia Warm Water Port

Russia Vs. France & Great Britain • Sided w/ OE Ø 28 • March 1854 – Declared war on Rus. Why? Ø Naval & commercial interests in Med. Ø Napoleon III – help raise popularity @ home • Austria & Prussia = neutral

Outcomes • • Both sides = poorly equipped and commanded Sept. 1855 Rus. fortress (Sevastopol) fell to Fr. & GB

A War of Firsts • Medical Treatment – High death rate (1 in 6) due to unsanitary conditions • Cholera • Typhus • Dysentery – Florence Nightingale + 38 nurses volunteered – Fought deplorable hospital conditions – Result: better sanitation & fewer deaths Florence Nightingale, British Heroine

Nightingale Nurses of Crimean War

A war of Firsts • • Journalism Photo-journalism – First war photos ever Roger Fenton (GB) – First War Photographer

Allied Camp at Sevastopol

The tombs of the generals on Cathcart's Hill

Cossack Bay, Balaklava.

A British Officer

British Hussar (Calvary)

British Officers

French Soldiers

French General Bosquet Giving Orders

Ottoman Soldiers

Treaty of Paris - 1856 • • Ended Crimean War Required Russia to: Ø Surrender territory Ø Recognize neutrality of Black Sea Ø Renounce claims of protection over Christians in OE • Shattered Russia’s mighty image

Outcomes Post-Treaty • Concert of Europe shattered Ø Nations more willing to fight to overthrow existing orders than to fight to defend them • • Austria asserted more influence w/in the Germ. Federation Prussia unhappy with a secondary role (behind Austria) in Germ.

Consequences • • Europe = unstable apx. 25 years Without the Concert, each nation thought it was only restrained by limits of its Ø Ø military power diplomatic influence

Second French Republic A. New Constitution 1. Louis Napoleon III a. “positive program” b. Coup d’etat – 1851 2. Emperor Napoleon III a. French army rescued and restored Pope Pius IX b. Economic gains B. Two periods: 1. 1851 -1860: Direct & authoritarian rule 2. 1860 -1870: Series of liberal reforms a. relinquished power to National Assembly

Napoleon III’s regime in France Would have been overthrown by revolution had it not been for the Franco-Prussian War. Was popular only with the middle class. Became progressively more authoritarian. Combined economic success with authoritarian government. Resisted industrialization in an effort to preserve traditional French society.

Italian unification 1858 -1870

Beginnings of Nationalism • • Napoleon – united many states under 1 gov’t COV – – Split Italian states w/ no regard for national groups Placed under control of large empires: • • Austria France

Secret Societies Italian artists, writers, thinkers became interested in celebrating Italy’s cultural traditions Others formed secret societies to work for political change Some even plotted to overthrow the Austrian government in Italy

Mazzini & Young Italy 1831: Giuseppe Mazzini, launched a nationalist group called Young Italy to fight for unification of the Italian states Mazzini had been exiled but smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy Young Italy attracted tens of thousands of Italians to the cause of unification

Secret Societies • Carbonari – – – Secret society inspired by Fr Rev Members: mid-class, intellectuals Anti-RC Church • – Pope excommunicated them Pro-Unification

The Path Toward Unity • • As nationalism grew, some Italians led unsuccessful rebellions Then, two men rose to lead a successful movement to unify Italy…

Count Cavour • • • Camilio di Cavour Sardinia Founded the nationalist newspaper, Il Risorgimento - or “resurgence”

Kingdom of Sardinia • • • 1852: Cavour = Prime Minister Rebuilt economy w/ goal of unification (monarchy) Strategic alliance w/ France – – Sardinia supported France in war with Russia & gave them the provinces of Savoy & Nice In turn, France supported Sardinia in its war against Austria - (successful liberation)

Garibaldi & the Red Shirts • • • Mazzini = “heart” Cavour = “brain” Garibaldi = “sword”

Garibaldi • • • Young Italy member (1833) At Cavour’s request, fought against Austria (1854) Result: Gained Lombardy from Austria

The Red Shirts • Red Shirts = Garibaldi’s followers By July 1860 - gained control of Sicily By September - conquered Naples • Garibaldi wanted a republic, but … • • • Kingdom of Two Sicilies Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel II

Unification • • 1861: territories held elections, all agreed to unification Holdouts were Venetia, still belonging to Austria; Papal States, under French troops supporting pope • 1866: Prussia defeated Austria, gave Venetia to Italy • 1870: Prussia forced French to w/d from Rome • 1870: completed unification under King Victor Emmanuel II

Garibaldi Victor Emmanuel II Cavour

Italian Unification