NATIONALISM AND THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT NATIONALISM Patriotism to

NATIONALISM AND THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

NATIONALISM Ø Patriotism to an excessive degree Ø Aspirations for national independence in a country under foreign domination. Ø Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

NATIONALISM ØProblem is… • the elites identified themselves more with the Spaniards, and later with the Americans than with their countrymen

SECULARIZATION REGULAR CLERGY Spanish Friars Parishes SECULAR PRIESTS Filipino Priests This movement demanded the handling over the parishes from the regular clergy (Dominicans, Franciscans, Recollects etc. who were Spanish friars), to secular priests, most of whom were Filipinos.

MOST PROMINENT PRIESTS a. Jose Burgos – Spaniard born in the Philippines, parish priest of the Manila Cathedral. b. Jacinto Zamora – Spaniard born in the Philippines and a parish priest of Marikina c. Mariano Gomez – parish priest of Bacoor, Chinese half-breed

Cavite Mutiny Started when Filipinos working in Cavite were heavily taxed. Led by Ferdinand La Madrid

ØThe three secular priests were implicated in the Cavite Mutiny. They were ordered by Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo to be executed.

They were executed in Bagumbayan (Luneta) through Garrote.

Paciano Rizal witnessed the event and mentioned it to his brother Jose.

THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT 1872 to 1892

AIMS OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT They called for the assimilation of the Philippines as a province of Spain >so that the same laws will be applied in the Philippines >the inhabitants of the Philippines will experience the same civil liberties and rights as that of a Spanish citizen

A I M S 1. It aimed for legal equality between Spaniards and Filipinos 2. Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes (parliament) 3. Free speech and association 4. And an end to the annual obligation of forced labor

How? Through Writings

Graciano Lopez Jaena who left the Philippines for Spain in 1880 after publishing a satirical novel, Fray Botod (Father Fatso)

In 1889 he started the newspaper, La Solidaridad (Solidarity), that circulated both in Spain and the Philippines and was the medium of the Propaganda Movement.

Marcelo del Pilar who was active in the anti-friar movement. He fled to Spain in 1888 and became Editor of La Solidaridad.

Jose Rizal His more popular works were his two novels Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The Subversive) published in 1886 and 1891

The novels portrayed the authoritarian and abusive character of Spanish rule in the colony. Despite their ban, the books were smuggled into the Philippines and widely read.

But then, the PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT WAS A FAILURE.

Rizal came home and on July 3, 1892 he established the LA LIGA FILIPINA 3 days later, July 6, 1892, Rizal was arrested and exiled on July 7 to DAPITAN, MINDANAO.

BIRTH OF THE KATIPUNAN WHO STARTED IT ALL? ?

• Bonifacio then • founded the • “Kataas-taasang • Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan” (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house of Deodato Arellano on Azcarraga street (now Claro M. Recto), in Tondo Manila. As a symbol of the member’s loyalty, they performed the solemn rite of sanduguan (blood compact), wherein each one signed his name with his own blood. .

Ø TAGALOG: Katastaasang Kagalangang Katipuanan ng mga Anak ng Bayan” Ø ENGLISH: Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation Ø SPANISH: Suprema y Venerable Asociación de los Hijos del Pueblo

FOUNDING MEMBERS Ø ANDRES BONIFACIO Ø TEODORO PLATA (brother-in-law of Andy Bonifacio) Ø LADISLAO DIWA Ø VALENTIN DIAZ Ø DEODATO ARELLANO

AIMS OF THE KATIPUNAN Ø to develop a strong alliance with each and every Katipunero Ø to unite Filipinos into one solid nation Ø to win Philippine independence by means of an armed conflict (or revolution) Ø to establish a republic after independence

Andres Bonifacio • The Great Plebeian • Born in Tondo on November 30, 1863, the first child of poor parents. • Named after St. Andrew the patron saint of Manila. • He had three brothers and two sisters: – Ciriaco – Procopio – Espiridiona – Troadio – Maxima

Andres Bonifacio Ø a self trained writer. Ø His pen name was Agapito Bagumbayan Ø His writings were: Ø Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan – a patriotic poem Ø Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan – a Katipunan Decalogue Ø Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog – a politicohistorical essay.

RECRUITMENT TRIANGLE SYSTEM

Ø They also agreed that they would pay a membership fee amounting to one real fuerte (twenty-five centavos) and a monthly due of media real (twelve centavos). • Three Grades of the Katipunan Membership: – Katipun (Associate) – first grade, password was ANAK NG BAYAN – Kawal (Soldier) – second grade, password was GOMBURZA – Bayani (Patriot) – third grade, password was RIZAL

FLAGS OF THE KATIPUNAN Three flags were used by the Katipunan that was originally sewn by Gregoria de Jesus (Andy's wife) and Benita Rodriguez. Common features: Letter K and blood red background

Andrés Bonifacio’s personal flag which depicts a white sun with an indefinite number of rays on a field of red. Below the sun are 3 white Ks lined horizontally. This flag was used in Cry of Pugadlawin on August 23, 1896 when they tore their cedulas.

Ø The MAGDIWANG COUNCIL of Andres Bonifacio had a sun with 16 rays and red background.

Ø The MAGDALO COUNCIL of Emilio Aguinaldo had a sun with 8 rays to represent the first 8 provinces that pledged to fight with Aguinaldo and a baybayin symbol for Ka.

Ø The flag of the Revolutionary Government of Aguinaldo: it had the “The Sun of Liberty” Ø Approved on March 17, 1897 in Naic, Cavite

ØThe flag of General Mariano Llanera was famously called: "BUNGO NI LLANERA” (LLANERA'S SKULL)

ØGeneral Pio del Pilar's flag was called “ANG BANDILA NG MATAGUMPAY” or “ THE FLAG OF THE VICTORIOUS”.

ØThe flag of General Gregorio del Pilar's flag was patterned after Cuba. Ø First flag to use 3 colors. This flag was used in Tirad Pass.

PROPAGANDA KATIPUNAN AIM ASSIMILATION INDEPENDENCE LEADERS Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jeana, etc. Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo etc. MEMBERS From the upper & middle classes, ilustrados, men Mostly lower class but there were middle class ORIGIN 1860 -1890 s July 7, 1892 NEWS PAPER END RESULT La Solidaridad Kalayaan FAILED EXPOSED

Emilio Jacinto

Emilio Jacinto • youngest and greatest writer of the Katipunan • His pen name was Dimasilaw • He wrote the following: – A la Patria – his poetical masterpiece – Liwanag at Dilim – a series of essays on human rights, liberty, equality of men, labor, and love of country. – Kartilya ng Katipunan – contains the teachings of the KKK.

Biography He established the secret headquarters in the hills of Majayjay. There, he contracted malignant malaria and died on April 16, 1899. He was barely 24.

He wrote articles like : 1. Kartilya ng Katipunan (Primer of Katipunan) 2. Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness) 3. Pahayag (Manifesto)

Women of the Katipunan Ø Wife of a Katipunero Ø Daughter of a Katipunero Ø Sister of a Katipunero Ø Any close relative of a Katipunero

Services of the Women in the Katipunan Ø They guarded the secret documents and paraphernalia of the society. Ø They helped recruiting new members of the society. Ø Whenever the Katipuneros were holding their secret meeting, they held a gay party to cover up the revolutionary activity.

JOSE RIZAL’S ADVICE UP TO THE OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLUTION On June 1896, he sent Dr. Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan to seek Rizal’s advice on the planned revolution.

Rizal’s Advice: ØTiming was not right ØLack of arms ØGain support from influential people ØRecommended Antonio Luna as commander of armed forces

However, there was no stopping the Revolution.

Bonifacio ordered his men to prepare for battle. He directed them to store enough food and other supplies.

Teodoro Patino Honoria Patino Sor Teresa de Jesus Father Mariano Gil

Cry of Pugadlawin August 26, 1896 -Katipuneros tore their cedulas and shouted “Mabuhay ang Pilipinas!”

THE MAGDIWANG AND THE MAGDALO

THE MAGDALO Ø Was under Baldomero Aguinaldo (cousin of Emilio Aguinaldo) Ø Felt that it was time to replace the Katipunan and form another kind of government Ø Based in Kawit, Cavite VS. THE MAGDIWANG Magdiwang Was under Mariano Alvarez (the uncle of Andres Bonifacio’s wife. ) Did not want to replace the Katipunan. Based in Noveleta, Cavite.

TEJEROS CONVENTION • Bonifacio led the convention • Aim – was to have a new government in the Katipunan • Attended by Magdiwang, Magdalo and alsa balutan •

TEJEROS CONVENTION READ ON THIS!!! FOR THE LONG TEST