Nationalism and Imperialism Mrs Quimby Quincy High School

Nationalism and Imperialism Mrs. Quimby Quincy High School Sophomores Dividing the World

≈ Focus Questions Nationalism: What factors might contribute to a desire for national unification? – How can a war or other conflict help unify a country? – How did the unifications of Germany and Italy impact the world stage? – ≈ Imperialism: What was the driving force behind the “Scramble for Africa”? – What impacts (positive or negative) did British imperialism have on colonized countries? – Is imperialism positive or negative, overall? Make sure you can give examples… – These questions will appear later - as essay prompts or on a quiz or test! Make sure you take them down and know how to answer them.

≈ What is Nationalism? We last talked about Nationalism during our Napoleon unit. What does Nationalism mean? Nationalism is support of one’s country - national pride, patriotism etc - regardless of who is running it. ≈ How did Napoleon’s conquering of Europe lead to a rise in European nationalism? After being taken over by a foreign (French) ruler, the conquered countries began to see themselves as whole units - as nations, many for the first time. ≈ Following the fall of Napoleon, there were several changes to Europe, designed by the old coalition powers. Coalition powers: Austria, Prussia, Britain, Russia

Congress of Vienna -> The Congress of Vienna met from September 1814 -June 1815. ≈ The purposes of the Congress were simple: -> To put Europe back together after Napoleon had been removed -> To ensure that no European power could become powerful enough to conquer the continent again. ≈ The Coalition Powers were in charge of the proceedings. ≈ Other countries were involved to ensure that everything remained fair for the less powerful players. These included France, Spain, Portugal, Sweden and Norway.

≈ Congress of There were many different treaties during the Vienna Congress. However, they were summarized into the Final Act -> The Final Act said: -> Russia gets control of Warsaw (Poland) and Finland -> Prussia is given some Germanic land including the Rhineland Danzig -> A German Confederation is created from 38 separate German-speaking states. This land is technically Austrian and Prussian, but now they are linked together. ≈ This later becomes modern Germany. -> All monarchs are restored to their thrones. There were many other aspects of the Congress of Vienna, but these are most important to the development of Nationalism.

Congress of Vienna

Metternich System During the Congress of Vienna, the world leaders followed the Metternich System ≈ The Metternich System was designed to make sure that something like the French Revolution could never happen again. ≈ -> The Metternich System was put in place to make Europe a continent of absolute monarchies again. Absolute Monarchy - when a king or queen has complete (absolute) power over a country.

Klemens von Metternich was a diplomat and a politician. ≈ Born in Austria but of German background. ≈ ≈ He has a varied political career… Arranged Napoleon’s first marriage Later led the Austrian portion of the Coalition to remove Napoleon from power. ≈ Led the Austrian points during the Congress of Vienna. ≈ Created the Metternich System (more on this later) ≈ Was given the title of “Prince” recognizing his services to Austria. ≈ ≈

Metternich System The Metternich System in Action -> The Metternich System In 1819, discontent was designed to prevent flared up with some rebellions before they German college students. happened. Metternich called on the ≈ This meant that government leaders of the area to agents would keep an eye on place students and discontented people, and faculty under strict stop anything that sounded watch, censoring like it might lead to revolution. Does the Metternich System remind you of any other period of history we’ve talked about? newspapers, limiting speech, and authorizing agents to search for “revolutionary activities”.

Metternich System Pushback As repression from the Metternich System increased, people began pushing back. ≈ Underground movements sprang up in several countries. Most were crushed quickly and violently. ≈ SPAIN Revolutionaries force the Spanish King (Ferdinand VII) to restore the constitution he had abolished. This scared the other national leaders. They sent a French army to Spain to crush the revolutionaries and restore Ferdinand. KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES (Italy) Revolutionaries force the Sicilian ruler to create a constitution. An Austrian army is mustered to put down this revolt.

Metternich System - Greece -> 1821 - Greece ≈ At this point in history, Greece was being occupied by Ottoman Turks. ≈ The Greeks rebelled against the Turks. -> The Greeks asked other European powers for aid, but, fearing a rise of nationalism, and the success of a rebellion, no country offered help. Why didn’t countries want to get involved in the Greek conflict? The Ottoman Turks were not a European power - they were Middle Eastern. Most people in Europe wanted to support the “European” Greeks in their fight for independence. HOWEVER - the Metternich System said that no other country could help with a rebellion. They did not want Greece to set an example for other countries.

Metternich System - Failure Even though no country could help the Greek rebels, several individuals sent aid to Greece. -> Ultimately, the pressure was too much, and other European countries had to intervene. Russia, Britain, and France all sent troops to help. -> Treaty of Adrianople 1829 Greece is now independent from Turkey. ≈ Why is this Significant? This is the first failure of the Metternich System. It shows the system isn’t perfect, and that revolutions can be successful and permanent. Nationalism cannot be suppressed forever.

Metternich System – Pros/Cons ≈ ≈ ≈ Positive or Negative? The Metternich System is now both praised and criticized. PROS -> Prevented any major wars in Europe from about 18151914 (this statement excludes many revolutionary attempts, however, which we will touch on later). ≈ Prevented an early World War. ≈ CONS -> The Metternich System is seen as oppressive censoring press and speech, and generally preventing any negative action against the monarchies of Europe. ≈ Led to the repression of many rebellions, where people were seeking more representative governments.

Critical Thinking. In. Quiz the next few. Grade minutes, answer the following questions. These are some of the key points we discussed this class! 1. Define nationalism in your own words. 2. How did the French Revolution lead to a rise in nationalism in European countries? 3. What were the purposes of the Congress of Vienna? 4. Why was the Metternich System created? 5. What were some of the repercussions of the Metternich System? 6. What was one big failure of the Metternich System? Why was it a failure?

Unifications In the 1800 s, when many countries were beginning to industrialize, growing nationalism also led to political change in Europe. ≈ Drives to unify people, and to solidify countries, started to change the continent. -> There were two main unifications that we will discuss - Italy and Germany. ≈ Germany and Italy in Pop Culture Following their unifications, Italy and Germany eventually become allies. This alliance has become the topic of a series of cartoons.

Italy Background -> After the fall of the Roman empire, Italy was no longer unified. ≈ It was made up of a bunch of small city-states and kingdoms. ≈ Other countries, including Austria and Prussia, tried to conquer Italy. ≈ Napoleon (France) eventually successfully conquered Italy. -> After Napoleon is removed from power, the Congress of Vienna restored the old city states, and the old monarchs.

Early Attempts to Unify -> Risorgimento - The Italian nationalistic movement. Italian for “resurgence”. Nationalists could not support their cause openly, and so formed secret societies. Why did the societies have to be secret? -> Giuseppe Mazzini was a member of one of these societies. ≈ Mazzini was arrested several times, and also exiled for his revolutionary activities, but nothing stopped him. -> In 1831, Mazzini started a movement called the Young Italy Movement.

Early Attempts to Unify -> Young Italy Movement 1831 ≈ Mazzini called for all Italian patriots to join the Young Italy Movement. -> This was the first democratic movement open to all classes. It wasn’t just the bourgeoisie, it was anyone interested in democracy. -> The Young Italy Movement insisted that “neither Pope nor King” but rather a republic should rule Italy.

Early Attempts to Unify -> Rebellions - 1848 and 1849 -> In 1848, liberal rebels led revolts in several of the Italian city states. ≈ They overthrew Austrian rule in Lombardy and Venetia, and forced the rulers of Sardinia, the Two Sicilies, and Tuscany to grant constitutions to their subjects. Why is a constitution important to developing a unified country? -> A constitution is often the first step to a more fair, and more democratic or republican government - it ensures that a monarch is limited by a set of laws, and that citizens know their rights.

Early Attempts to Unify Revolutionaries seized ≈ Rome in 1849 and set up a republic. Mazzini helped govern the new republic. -> However, all but one of these early revolutionary movements failed. Austria regained its holdings in Italy. Mazzini lost control of Rome. -> Only Sardinia remained an independent state.

Early Attempts to Unify ≈ After these failures, there were a lot of issues with the revolutionary movements. -> Liberals continued their efforts with little success. Their movement began to fall apart. -> Many Catholic clergy members wanted a united Italy headed by the pope, and didn’t agree with the liberals attempt for a republic. SUCCESS IN SARDINIA The only place that managed to gain its independence was the Kingdom of Sardinia. The liberal rebels managed to get their voices heard.

The King of Sardinia -> Sardinia was ruled by a King, (Victor Emmanuel II), however, he was supported by a democratic parliament. ≈ King Victor was not sympathetic to the liberal rebels, however, he wanted to keep his kingdom happy and together. -> King Victor also saw an opportunity to expand Sardinian territory into Italy, by making Sardinia the basis of unification.

Cavour in Sardinia Even though King Victor was not liberal, his chief minister Camillo Benso di Cavour was liberal. Cavour supported the goals of the liberals. ≈ Even though Victor was king of Sardinia, Cavour was the real power in the kingdom. -> It was Cavour who governed the kingdom of Sardinia. Cavour was well-educated, and an aristocrat. ≈ He edited a nationalist newspaper Il Risorgimento (resurgence) and published his theories on Italian unification. -> By 1852, Cavour was premier (Prime Minister) of Sardinia. ≈

Cavour in Sardinia Cavour hated absolutism and absolute monarchies. He preferred parliamentary government. ≈ England had a Queen (Victoria) but also a parliament. Cavour thought this was the ideal government. -> Cavour wanted Italy to be unified, and industrialized, again, like England. ≈ INDUSTRIALIZING ITALY - Cavour reorganized and strengthened Sardinia’s army - He established banks - He built railroads, factories, and encouraged shipbuilding - He negotiated treaties with other countries. This was two -fold, it increased trade, and also made other countries recognize Sardinia’s independence.

The Crimean War -> In the 1850 s, Russia and France both claimed jurisdiction over holy land in what is now Palestine. -> Russia thought it was its responsibility to protect Eastern Orthodox people from the Turks. -> France thought it was its responsibility to protect the Catholics. SARDINIA - The Ottoman Turks gave more freedoms to the Catholics than to the Orthodox Christians. -> This led Russia to declare war on the Ottoman Empire. Britain, France, and Sardinia supported the Ottoman Turks. Cavour allied with France and Great Britain during the Crimean War. ≈ Sardinia’s alliance with these two big powers helped them recognize that it was a legitimate power. ≈

The Crimean War -> The Crimean War is now called “The Most Unnecessary War in History”. ≈ It took two years for Russia to be defeated. -> However, there were huge losses on both sides, and ultimately no gain for either side. The Lady with the Lamp - Despite the negatives of the Crimean War, there were two positive outcomes. 1. The use of modern field hospitals to care for wounded soldiers. 2. Florence Nightingale (The Lady with the Lamp) established professional nursing.

Cavour and Austria -> Austria was still controlling some of the Italian city states. ≈ Cavour saw Austria as the biggest obstacle in helping Italy unify as a whole country. ≈ Cavour needed backup. Cavour and France -> Cavour contacted Napoleon III of France and asked him for France’s support. -> Napoleon III thought that, if he helped push Austria out of the Italian land it controlled, HE could rule over Italy. -> Cavour thought that, with Austria out of Italy, other Italian states would quickly join Sardinia and unify.

Cavour and Austria Napoleon III of France thought he could gain control of a weak Italy. -> Cavour planned to have France help drive Austrian forces out of Italy, and then have Italy unify behind Sardinia. Then they would have an alliance against Austria and against France. ≈ Napoleon III of France - Napoleon III was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. - Like his uncle, he was first elected president and then led a coup d’etat and became Emperor. -> However, he did not try to expand France, so the other countries left France alone, and allowed Napoleon III to remain Emperor.

War with Austria -> At first, the war went really well for Cavour and Napoleon III. ≈ Combined French and Sardinian forces quickly drove the Austrians out of Lombardy, and marched on to Venetia. ≈ Italian nationalist and patriots in The Deal Tuscany, Modena, and Parma -> Napoleon III would help overthrew their Cavour drive Austria out of Austrian rulers and Italian city states. asked to be annexed (Lombardy, Parma, Venetia) to Sardinia. Annexed = added -> In return, Napoleon III would get Austrian possessions Nice and Savoy (French-speaking, French-cultured)

War with Austria Napoleon III wasn’t expecting the Italian city states to unify so quickly. -> He was worried that Austria would want to get its territory back, and that it might ask for help from Prussia (its ally). -> Napoleon III decided to back out of his deal with Cavour and Sardinia. -> Napoleon III made a secret treaty with Austria. ≈ - This treaty said that Sardinia would keep Lombardy, but would return everything else to Austria. - It also said Sardinia would still give Nice and Savoy to France. This isn’t fair to Sardinia and Cavour. They only got half of what they asked for, and had to “pay” full price.

War with Austria Sardinia was afraid that they would lose even this partial victory, and so they agreed to France’s terms. ≈ The Italian people, however, refused to abandon the idea of unity. -> There were rebellions in Parma, Modena and Tuscany again which expelled the Austrian rulers and set up temporary governments. -> All of these city states were overwhelmingly in favor of joining Sardinia and creating a unified Italy. ≈

Garibaldi and the Thousand -> Giuseppe Garibaldi was born in Nice, and, when in his 20 s, originally joined Mazzini’s Young Italy movement. ≈ Garibaldi led a revolt - when it failed, he ran to Latin America. -> He would later return to Italy, and after leading another failed attempt, flee to the US and Peru. ≈ Finally, Cavour arranged to have Garibaldi brought back to Italy.

Garibaldi and the Thousand -> With Cavour’s support, Garibaldi recruited an army of 1, 100 soldiers. ≈ Cavour saw how popular Garibaldi was, and decided that together they could unify Italy. -> The plan was to have Garibaldi’s Red Shirts move through Italy and take over the other city states. ≈ The city states would then unify as one Italy. -> Victor Emmanuel II would be king of Italy, Cavour would be prime minister, and Garibaldi would be a war hero. Members of Garibaldi’s army were called “Red Shirts” because of their colorful uniforms.

Garibaldi and the Thousand -> In the spring of 1860, Garibaldi and his Expedition of the Thousand started attempting to unify Italy. ≈ They started in the South. First, they took the island of Sicily, then moved to the other half of the Kingdom of the two Sicilies. ≈ They then seized Naples. ≈ The plan was to continue North. -> Cavour, however, was worried that Garibaldi would get too powerful, and that he might take over the newly-united Italy.

Garibaldi and the Thousand Cavour sent an army from Sardinian land in the North to meet with Garibaldi’s, and to stop Garibaldi from getting any more land. ≈ Sardinia was now in control of most of Northern Italy. ≈ Cavour and Garibaldi met in Naples, to discuss what to do. -> They agreed that Italy would be unified under Victor Emmanuel II. -> Garibaldi asked to be governor of Naples, but Cavour said no he was worried that Garibaldi was too popular, and might try to take more power. ≈ ITALY IS UNIFIED Fall of 1860 - Kingdom of Italy is established Victor Emmanuel II is King. Votes (plebiscites) were held everywhere in Italy. People voted overwhelmingly to unify under Sardinia.

Garibaldi and the Thousand

Problems with a United Italy still had significant problems. -> Many parts of the country were divided culturally, especially between the industrialized North and the agricultural South. ≈ Modernization was slow, because the country was so newly put together. ≈ Few Italians had political experience, and so much was trial-and-error. -> By 1912, Italy was geographically unified, but still politically unstable. ≈

is the Young Italy Movement? Do. What Now 1. Neither pope nor king would rule Italy. Open to all classes. Democratic. 2. What role did Mazzini play in these attempts for unification? Started the young Italy movement 3. How did Cavour help to industrialize Italy? What did he do? Made railroads, factories, banks, stronger army. Drove Austria out of Italy 4. What are two positive impacts of the Crimean War? Modern nursing, field hospitals 5. Who did Cavour ally with to push Austria out of Italy? Napoleon III (France)

Quiz Time! You have 30 minutes to do the quiz. ≈ There are 16 questions. ≈ You may use your notes. ≈ BUT… ≈ No Talking! ≈ No Phones! ≈ No Ipods! ≈ No Textbooks! ≈

Germany -> By the mid 1800 s, Germany was still pretty much a patchwork of relatively independent states. ≈ What meeting created the German Confederation? Congress of Vienna -> In the late 1800 s, Prussia led the fight for unification of the German states. Why Prussia? For centuries, Prussia and Austria had been competing for control of the German-speaking states. However, Prussia was culturally and traditionally more “German”. Unification of Germany, under Prussia, made sense!

Prussia and Napoleon Under Napoleon’s rule, Prussia was limited. ≈ They were only allowed to have a small army. -> After joining the Coalition Powers, and defeating Napoleon, Prussia regained its independence. -> German nationalism favored Prussia. -> Prussia was Germanspeaking, and had a common culture with the German states. ≈ Control of Germany - Austria was run by the Hapsburg family. - Technically, the Hapsburgs, as Holy Roman Emperors had control of all the German states. -> Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire. -> It was not restored by the Congress of Vienna. -> The German states now had their chance to unify under Prussia.

The Zollverein -> The first steps towards German unification dealt with the economy. ≈ There were huge taxes when goods were transported across the borders of the German states. -> The Junkers helped get these tariffs removed. -> This resulted in a Customs Union called the Zollverein. ≈ Thanks to the Zollverein, it was now very easy to trade between the German States. -> The Zollverein also led to… Same currency in all German states What->are unions? -> Standard weights and measures Groups of workers who protect -> Protection from foreign traders Encouragement to trade each->other, and work for eachwithin the German states. others’ benefit. Junkers (say Yoon-kurz) Aristocratic landowners who thought the tariffs (taxes) were too high, and were hurting their sales. They persuaded the King of Prussia to abolish tariffs in his territory.

The Zollverein Thanks to the Zollverein, it was now very easy to trade between the German States. -> The Zollverein also led to… -> Same currency in all German states -> Standard weights and measures -> Protection from foreign traders -> Encouragement to trade within the German states. ≈ A lot of things were becoming standard across the German states. The German economy was moving toward unification. ≈

Otto von Bismarck -> Otto von Bismarck was a conservative Junker politician. ≈ He built the Prussian army into a powerful war machine. -> He saw that German unification was going to happen, eventually, and wanted Prussia to control the future German country. -> He thought this would be through battle - not through politics. ≈ Bismarck had a lot of support from the King of Prussia William I

Otto von Bismarck -> Bismarck was not a fan of democracy, and often ignored the rules set by Prussian parliament. ≈ He wanted to raise money for the army. Parliament wouldn’t allow it, so Bismarck simply instated a tax anyway. ≈ Bismarck had a plan to unify the German states - through war. -> Bismarck would wage three wars, all with different goals, in order to make sure that Prussia was on top when Germany unified. Bismarck’s Wars: The Danish War The Seven Weeks’ War The Franco. Prussian War

Bismarck’s Wars ≈ The Danish War - 1863, 64 -> There were two small duchies (Schleswig and Holstein) on the border of Denmark and the German states. - When Denmark made a new constitution for these states, there was a war between Prussia and Denmark. -> An eventual peace treaty gave the two duchies to Austria and Prussia. Austria got Holstein. Schleswig was added to Prussia. Bismarck’s leadership during this war helped add territory to Prussia. ≈ It also helped define what country controlled what territories - drawing the line between Austria and Prussia. ≈

Bismarck’s Wars ≈ The Seven Weeks’ War - Bismarck wanted to confront Austria. -> He was smart. He made a series of treaties to make sure that no one would bother him if war broke out. -> Bismarck hinted that he would give Napoleon III (France) some territory on the Rhine river. -> He also agreed to give Austrian-controlled Venetia to the new Italy, in return for Italy’s support. -> Bismarck provoked Austria to declare war on Prussia. ≈ Austria was taken by surprise. The Prussian army was extremely well trained, thanks to preparing against Napoleon. -> Nearly every male in Prussia had at least 3 years of military training.

Bismarck’s Wars ≈ The Seven Weeks’ War - 1866 -> Prussia defeated Austria in only 7 weeks completely crushing them. -> The Treaty of Prague ended the Seven Weeks’ War. It dissolved the German Confederation. -> Prussia got: Holstein. -> Italy got: Venetia -> Several north-German states joined Prussia in a new North-German Confederation. -> Only three southern states were not a part of Prussia’s control.

Bismarck’s Wars ≈ The Franco-Prussian War - 1870 -> Bismarck thought the best way to get the rest of the German states to join him was to unite against a common enemy. - Bismarck then went to provoke a war with France. Napoleon III thought he had been cheated during the Seven Weeks’ War. ≈ Napoleon III (France) met with William I (Prussian King) to discuss what to do. They met at a place called Ems. ≈

Bismarck’s Wars The Ems Telegram. Bismarck received a telegram telling him what had happened at Ems. He edited the message to make it look like the French had tried to humiliate the Prussian King, and that William I had insulted the French ambassador. This provoked WAR. The Prussian army, led by Bismarck, won the war in only a few months. -> France was humiliatingly defeated. ≈ ≈ Germany is now UNIFIED - 1871 - France was occupied by German troops - The remaining German states joined with Prussia

Homework ≈ Do Now! Answer the following questions 1. What conditions helped make the German states more likely to unify? 2. What is the Zollverein? 3. Why was Prussia more likely than Austria to be the center of this unification? 4. Who is Otto von Bismarck? 5. What were “Bismarck’s Wars”?

Causes of Imperialism may have been caused by many things, or a combination of them. 1. Desire for self-sufficiency ≈ ≈ Almost all of Europe was in its industrial revolution, but not every country had all of the material it needed. -> These countries had 2 options: A) Trade with other industrializing countries. B) Colonize places where the raw material was abundant. ≈ Most countries did not want to give other countries and advantage by relying on them for trade. Most of the more powerful countries therefore stared colonizing, especially in Africa and Asia.

Causes of Imperialism 2. Need for new markets With a rise in mass production - high quality goods being produced quickly and cheaply - soon most European markets were saturated. -> Merchants looked for a new market in countries that had not industrialized yet. They could sell their mass produced goods in these new markets with little to no competition. ≈ 3. Nationalism -> Nationalism was now spread throughout Europe. Many nations wanted to add to the nationalism by colonizing other countries, and spreading their language and culture.

Causes of Imperialism 4. Outlets for Population ≈ With the industrial revolution happening, and with advances in medicine, many European countries were experiencing huge population booms. -> This led to overcrowding, especially in the cities. People moved to other areas, and started colonies, to relieve this pressure and to have more room. ≈ This is also when people started moving to the Americas in large amounts. They saw the United States, especially, as a place where they could practice their culture.

Causes of Imperialism 5. Missionary Motives -> Another motive for Imperialism was a missionary one. Missionaries spread the Christian religion to other cultures. ≈ Many people though it was a Christian’s duty to spread the “correct” religion to people, so that they would be saved, according to Christianity. However, missionaries also did positive things. Many set up schools, and hospitals in colonized countries

Causes of Imperialism 6. Cultural Motives -> Rudyard Kipling called this the “White Man’s Burden”. This is the attitude that Europeans owed it to other countries to spread their culture. = European countries were industrialized and often had more resources, however, this did not mean that their cultures were more advanced or better than other countries. -> Many Europeans thought it was their job to “civilize” the “uncivilized” nations that they colonized.

Causes of Imperialism 6. Cultural Motives -> This idea: that one culture is naturally “better” than others is sometimes called “Social Darwinism”. -> According to Social Darwinism: “Everywhere, civilized nations are [overthrowing] barbarous nations. Advanced civilization, obviously, has inherited valuable traits from its ancestors. Underdeveloped cultures…will soon die off. Therefore, natural order obligates powerful, civilized nations to appropriate the limited resources of the weak. ” - This reasoning was used by many industrial countries (Western Europe, later the United States) to justify them conquering other countries.

Imperialism Claims Because of Imperialism, and because of these many issues - spread of culture, missionary motives, overpopulation etc. - European countries, began colonizing other areas. -> The British colonized Egypt, and the Sudan. -> The Italians colonized Tripoli (now Libya) -> France colonized Algeria and Tunisia ≈ Because of this competition, especially for African land, the European powers realized that they were going to continue to go to war with each other. -> To prevent this, representatives from each country met at the Berlin Conference. ≈

Imperialism Claims ≈ BERLIN CONFERENCE ACTIVITY!

Berlin Conference -> In 1884, Otto von Bismarck called the Berlin Conference. ≈ At this point, Portugal, France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and Germany were all competing for land in Africa. -> Bismarck realized that this competition could lead to war between the European powers. ≈ He proposed that, instead, representatives from all of the interested European powers should meet, and literally divide up a map of Africa. Berlin Conference: Positives and Negatives The Berlin Conference did prevent wars between European powers, but it also ignored ethnic groups in Africa, existing boundaries, and the opinions and rights of the people already living there!

After the Berlin Conference, Africa was completely divided. ≈ What do you notice about this map? ≈ Who “got” the most land? ≈ What are some unique features you notice? ≈ Berlin Conference: Positives and Negatives The Berlin Conference did prevent wars between European powers, but it also ignored ethnic groups in Africa, existing boundaries, and the opinions and rights of the people already living there!

Berlin Conference General Act: 1. Slavery is officially abolished 2. All countries have access to all rivers 3. Free trade in the Congo basin 4. Before taking possession of a new area of African coast, a colonizer must inform the areas around it. ≈ 5. The European countries have the “legal right” to pursue colonization in the areas delineated to them ≈ ≈ ≈

Berlin Conference ≈ Exceptions and Victories Antibiotics and Africa -> Liberia: established with help from the United States as a For years, nations in haven for free slaves who wished to return to Africa had remained ≈ Ethiopia: Ethiopia was originally to relatively untouched by be ‘given’ to Italy. Europeans. -> However, when Italy tried to HOWEVER invade, Ethiopia resisted Once a malaria vaccine successfully. was discovered, there ≈ Eventually, Italy had to retreat, and was nothing stopping Ethiopia became the only independent African country that Europeans from was not conquered or influenced by conquering the a “western” power. continent.

Oppression in Africa -> The average European citizen believed that it was the responsibility of “civilized” Europeans to “help” other nations. ≈ However, those Europeans who actively invaded Africa found some resistance… ≈ Most of the people already living there were not okay with the outcome of the Berlin Conference. ≈ The Berlin Conference made it so that there would be no conflicts between European powers in Africa, but it allowed war as part of the “civilizing mission”. Battle of Omdurman The Year: 1888 40, 000 Sudanese vs. 400 British The battle lasted only 5 hours. Losses: British - 28 Sudanese - 11, 000 -The British had one big advantage: guns. - By this point, early machine guns were in use in the field. - The biggest problem the British faced: numb trigger fingers.

Oppression in Africa The Europeans had several advantages in Africa, all technological. -> Machine guns ≈ Machine guns were in their infancy, but could still do much damage. -> Medicines and field hospitals ≈ Because of their advanced medical technology, injured Europeans were more likely to survive. -> Organized armies ≈ Most European countries had national armies, that were formally trained and well organized. The armies also had technological innovations not available to Africans. ≈ The Dum Bullet - One of the advantages that Europeans had when conquering Africa, India, and the Middle East was the Dum bullet. - Invented in the Indian town of Dum, this bullet had a snubbed nose. - If you were shot with it, it exploded inside of you. - It was considered so inhumane that there was a rule that it could only be used in the colonies, and not against other Europeans.

Dum Bullet The Dum Bullet Example of the expanding dum bullet. 1888 ammunition with expanding point. ≈ Dum dum bullets only had partial casings. These are also called soft-point bullets. ≈

Imperialism and Asia Until the 1840 s, Asia had been relatively isolated from Europe. ≈ With the collapse of the Ottoman empire, there was no longer a safe trade route from Europe to East Asia. -> In Asia, China was the center of the world. ≈ China had been relatively isolated, and so was able to develop an almost unbroken history with no European conflict. China was also the powerhouse of the Pacific. Other East Asian countries, specifically Korea and Japan, were pressured by China to adopt aspects of the Chinese alphabet, Chinese culture, and to become trade partners.

Chinese map of the World China had been relatively isolated, and so was able to develop an almost unbroken history with no European conflict.

Korean map of the World

Imperialism and Asia China was also used to being able to control its trade with European countries. -> China had only one port where it conducted trade with Europe. The port was Canton. ≈ This all worked well for a while, until there was an increase in demand for tea. In an industrialized world, tea provided a kick of caffeine, and also a way to get calories from sugar. However, China controls the vast majority of the tea trade.

Imperialism and Asia The British wanted to force China to be more open to trade with them, and also wanted to monopolize the tea trade with Europe. -> They proposed that, instead of buying the tea from China, they would trade it for Opium. -> China said “no way!” ≈ The Chinese government (Qing Dynasty) had seen how addictive opium was, and did not want it in the country. -> The British countered with an ultimatum - either trade the tea for opium, or go to war. ≈ The Chinese chose war. ≈

The Opium Wars This led to the Opium Wars. ≈ First Opium War: 1839 -1842 ≈ Second Opium War: 1856 -1860 -> First Opium War ≈ British victory. ≈ China is used to being the center of the world - the most powerful country on the Pacific. ≈ They did not see this coming. ≈ The British had a huge navy, and importantly, armored steam ships, with mounted guns. ≈ Comparatively, the traditional Chinese junk boat didn’t stand a chance. ≈

The Opium Wars Chinese Junk British Steamship

The Opium Wars ≈ During the First Opium War, Commissioner Lin (China) wrote this letter to Queen Victoria (England): “. . . Let us ask, where is your conscience? I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed onto the harm of other countries. Of all that China exports to foreign countries, there is not a single thing which is not beneficial when eaten, or of benefit when used, or of benefit when resold: all are beneficial. Is there a single article from China which has done any harm to foreign countries? ”

The Opium Wars -> The Treaty of Nanking -> The first Opium War was brought to a conclusion with the Treaty of Nanking -> The treaty said China was forced to pay Britain for their losses during the war. One of these losses was 6 million dollars worth of Opium that Commissioner Lin had thrown into a in to protest. ≈ It also forced river China open 4 ports to Britain, and declare Queen Victoria as ruler of Hong Kong. -> It also said that Britain was an equal to China. ≈ It gave British citizens extra territorial privileges in the treaty ports - which meant that British were exempt from Chinese law while in the ports.

The Opium Wars ≈ The Treaty of Nanking ≈ Why would the Treaty of Nanking be especially humiliating to the Chinese? For hundreds of years, China had believed itself to be the most important country in the world. The treaty was embarrassing because it forced them to recognize Britain as an equal, which they did not believe! ≈ What other problems might arise from the points in the treaty? - It meant British were exempt from Chinese law - It also meant that the Chinese would be forced to trade Britain for their opium. ≈ Additionally, the treaty was signed with the city at gunpoint. The British sailed one of their steamships up the river and had it poised outside the city. The Qing Emperor had no choice but to sign.

Taiping Rebellion In the time between the First and Second Opium wars, a group of people called the Taiping gained popularity. -> The Taiping planned to overthrow the Qing Empire. -> Many people were very unhappy with the Qing Emperor and his court. ≈ There were tensions between ethnic groups, social classes etc. Trade shifted to the European-controlled ports, and China was weakened by the first Opium War. ≈ The Taiping saw this as an opportunity for change. ≈ “Taiping” means “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”. Many modern historians see the Taiping as proto-communists.

Taiping Rebellion ≈ The Taiping called for several things: - Land redistribution / abolishment of feudalism (land taken from richer landowners and given to working peasants) - Abolition of foot binding - Prohibition of alcohol, opium, and “sexual misconduct”. - Other “modernizations”, such as cutting of long braids. At first, because people were so unhappy with the way things were after the First Opium War, the Taiping were very successful and popular. ≈ They took many major cities, and had people declare against the Qing Emperor. ≈ However, their goals fell by the wayside when they began gaining more and power. They stopped to regroup, which gave the Qing Empire time to rise back to power. ≈

Taiping Rebellion -> The results of the Taiping Rebellion: -> 20 million people were killed. ≈ There was economic devastation of key regions, especially those areas that had been conquered by the Taiping. ≈ The weakened Qing court became paranoid, and became more conservative and more anti-foreign. This meant that they were even more angry at the British. -> The Empire starts collapsing from the inside out. -> The leader of the anti-rebellion, Zeng Guofan, began to adopt western weapons. This is why he was able to defeat the Taiping rebels.

Second Opium War -> The Second Opium War happened from 1856 -1860 -> Major cause: China had been ignoring the treaty of Nanking, and there was a lot of internal pressure following the Taiping rebellion. ≈ 1856 - Series of skirmishes between the Chinese and British navies. ≈ Britain wins, and seizes the port of Canton. ≈ 1860 - Qing court is forced into another treaty, but again ignore it. -> To punish the Chinese, the British burn down the Qing Emperor’s summer palace.

Second Opium War -> The results of the Second Opium War -> China is severely weakened, and takes a very long time to recover. ≈ They have completely lost control of the Pacific, leaving a power vacuum. ≈ Later, Japan will step up as the new Asian powerhouse. ≈ China is forced to trade for opium. -> By the end of the Second Opium War, the vast majority of the Chinese population was addicted to opium - exactly what Commissioner Lin had been trying to prevent. ≈ France, Britain, and Russia establish port cities in China. -> By this point, China ultimately becomes a colonized state, controlled by the British.

Japan -> Seeing the British “success” in China, the United States wanted to try something similar with Japan. ≈ Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Japan with a small fleet, intending to see if Japan would be a viable area for colonization. ≈ This leads to the rapid industrialization and westernization of Japan. Matthew Perry

Japan Matthew Perry planned to force Japan to open trade ports. ≈ The British (and now other European countries) had a foothold in Asia (through control of China), and Matthew Perry was sent to gain a foothold for America. ≈ Prior to this point, America had not been very involved in imperialism. However, the country was becoming strong enough that they realized the advantages of having colonies, and trade ports, around the globe. ≈ Perry arrived to Japan accompanied by steam ships. These ships were painted black, and compared to Japanese ships, were gigantic. Perry also brought with him examples of industrial technology – as incentive for the Japanese to open its ports to the Americans.

Japan Perry planned to immediately -At this point in history, establish some sort of trade agreement. Japan was controlled by a ≈ Using intimidation tactics (pointing Shogunate – A feudal the guns of his boat at the system of control. Japanese capital), he convinced - Under this system, local the shogun to meet with him. feudal lords (samurai) -> At the Convention of reported to the Shogun, Kanagawa, a trade agreement or military leader of was made. This agreement allowed American soldiers Japan. access to 2 Japanese ports, -There was an Emperor, and guaranteed the safety of but he had very little any American sailors that control. The real power might be shipwrecked. ≈ rested in the Shogun.

Perry -These are images that Japanese artists made of Perry while he was in Japan. -What do you notice about these pictures? - What do these images say about the Japanese opinion of Perry?

Perry Blue-Eyed Barbarians -A common depiction is of Perry with blue tints in the whites of his eyes. There are three possible reasons for this: 1. Some Japanese artists knew that westerners had “blue eyes” but were unsure where the color would be. 2. Throughout Japanese written history, westerners are often called “blue eyed barbarians”. Even though Perry does not have blue eyes, painting him with blue eyes would underline his “barbarian” status. 3. Many demons and ghosts in Japanese paintings were painted with blue in their eyes as a “creepy” aspect.

Japan - At this point, many ≈ Perry planned to immediately Japanese leaders had seen set up more permanent what happened to China. American control in Japan, - They wanted to make however, there were sure that America saw problems in America. them as equals and not as a country that should be ≈ It was 1855, and America was on the brink of Civil War. conquered. They couldn’t afford to have - By the time American some of their ships in Japan. representatives returned Perry was called back to to Japan (30 years later) America. they found a “modern”, westernized country.

Japan - The Meiji Restoration is also considered a military -> This period of rapid coup. industrialization is called the Meiji Restoration. - The shogunate was -> Within 30 years, Japan overhauled, and the developed innovations government instead focused that took European behind the Emperor. countries over 100 years - The Emperor was still just to do. a figurehead, but people ≈ The Japanese asked the supported him. Dutch – their only European trade partners before the - Because of this, Japan Americans – to provide them quickly industrialized! They with blueprints for the locomotive, steam engine, etc. became a “western” power in less than half the time of other countries.

Japan Perry’s Black Ships - Though the ‘opening of Japan’ with the Convention of Kanagawa could have led to the oppression of the Japanese by American imperialists, this did not happen. -Rather, Japan became an equal trade partner with America. - Japan industrialized extremely rapidly, declaring itself a “western” power. - This choice of industrialization instead of war meant that Japan protected its independence! Because of the ultimate success of this treaty, a Black Ship Festival is celebrated in Newport, Rhode Island, and Shimoda, Japan. Because of this treaty, the two are sister cities.

Russo-Japanese War -> 1904 -1905 The Japanese are now industrialized and growing in power. ≈ There is debate as to who owns/controls a chain of islands in the Pacific. -> This leads to the Russo-Japanese War. -> Japan wins. ≈ Russia is utterly defeated. ≈ This sends shockwaves through Europe. ≈ Why is this Important? - Japan is an Asian power, and it has now defeated Russia (a European power). This shocks Europe. - They ask themselves: “How could an Asian power defeat a European power? ” - The only way they can rationalize it is to say that Russia was never “European” anyway. This embarrasses Russia. The Tzar (Nicholas) wants a chance to redeem himself, to prove that Russia is European.

Problems in Russia There are other problems ≈ ≈ ≈ in Russia. Huge inflation and lack of jobs lead to a mass of people who cannot afford food. Peasants blamed the Tzar’s advisors. Peasants marched on the palace. The palace guards fired on the unarmed peasants. This was the start of serious internal issues. These problems will eventually lead to the Russian Revolution, the rise of Communism, and the creation of the USSR.

Run up to WWI ≈ ≈ ≈ There are serious conflicts in Europe. Because of imperialism and internal problems, many people are afraid of foreign invasion. This led to many countries making binding (and secret) alliances. By 1907, almost all of the countries in Europe were in these secret alliances. The sides for WWI were now set. There only needed to be one spark to set it alight, and start WWI.