National Urban Search Rescue Response System Canine Search
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training STM Unit: Mapping 1
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Unit Objective Upon completion of this unit, you will possess a basic understanding of how maps are used for land navigation and be familiar with the practical applications of map reading for accurate navigation 2
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Enabling Objectives n Define basic mapping terms n Compare electronic and paper maps n Describe position format and datum n Interchange waypoints between GPS unit and paper map n Use a map and GPS unit to navigate 3
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training The History of Maps n Primary navigation tool for centuries n Geospheric Earth to a flat map Has GPS made maps OBSOLETE? OBSOLETE 4
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Maps n Maps incorporate projections and datums n All maps distort Earth n Different maps can be used with GPS n Datum and coordinate system must match 5
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Reading Maps 6
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Reading Maps: USGS Topographical n Title l Top Right Corner n Details l l l Bottom Left Margin Who made map Datums UTM Zone USNG Zone n Map Scale l Center Bottom 7
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Reading Maps: USGS Topographical n USNG Grid Reference Box / Legend n Located in the Key section of map n May be variations for the 100, 000 m Square Identifications U. S. National Grid 100, 000 -m Square ID 3 00 TJ UJ 43 00 TH UH Grid Zone Designation 18 S 8
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Map Scales n Relationship between distance on ground and distance on map l Most common u 1: 24, 000 – 7. 5 min l Scale bars u Feet and miles u Meters and kilometers 9
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training GPS Map Datum n Over 100 different Datums in GPS n Listed on bottom of map n Match map and GPS Datum’s n World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) l FEMA US&R Standard and Aircraft n North American Datum 1927 (NAD 27)* l USGS Topographical Maps * For Navigation in Continental United States NAD 27 CONUS 10
Projections and Datums of the United States Meade Ranch (Clarke 1866)
Datum Shift A set of coordinates can yield different positions due to different datums WGS 72 NAD 83/WGS 84 NAD 27 (true position) NAD 27 Greenland Bermuda 1957
GPS Uses WGS 84 and ECEF User selects the datum and coordinate system for display purposes only. Datum m ste y S e Coo at n i rd Receiver’s processor always performs calculations in WGS 84 and Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF).
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Coordinate Systems Different coordinates represent same location hddd 0 mm’ ss. s”: N 430 40’ 55. 8” X W 1160 17’ 14. 1” (55. 8” / 60 =. 93’) hddd 0 mm. mmm’: N 430 40. 93’ X W 1160 17. 235’ (40. 93’ / 60 =. 682160) hddd. ddddd 0 : N 43. 682160 X W 116. 287250 UTM/UPS: USNG/MGRS: 11 T 0557442 m E 4836621 m N 11 T NJ 57440 36624 14
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Setting GPS to North n Set GPS to North, True or Magnetic. n GPS is NOT a compass 15
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Key Points to Remember n For FEMA GPS usage l Set GPS Datum to WGS 84 l Set GPS Coordinate to hdddº mm. mmm’ l OR MGRS / USNG l Set GPS to North, True or Magnetic n For USGS Topographical Maps l Datum NAD 27 (GPS to NAD 27 CONUS) l Coordinate to hdddº mm’ ss. s” 16
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Three Coordinate Systems n Latitude and Longitude (Lat Long) l N 430 40’ 55. 8” X W 1160 17’ 14. 1” n Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) l 11 T 0557442 m E 4836621 m N n United States National Grid (USNG) l 11 TNJ 5744036624 17
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Latitude and Longitude 18
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Latitude and Longitude n Coordinates expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds (hdddº mm’ ss. s”) n Coordinate position is based from known reference point n Known reference point is where Prime Meridian and Equator intersect n Lat/long is predominant coordinate system 19
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Latitude and Longitude N 30º Prime Meridian 20º Equator 10º 20º 30º E W 30º 20º 10º + 10º Point of Origin (0º, 0º) 20º 30º S 20
Latitude and Longitude Prime Meridian (Longitude) Equator (Latitude) Point of Origin
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Longitude n Meridians that form ½ of a circle n Designated as W or E of the Prime Meridian n 0 Prime Meridian extends from North Pole to South Pole n Meridians are angled and are not parallel l 1 Longitude is 69 miles at Equator l 1 Longitude is 29 miles at Artic Circle 22
Meridians of Longitude 10º 240 mi 10º 460 miles 10º 690 miles 10º 120º W 110º W
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Latitude n Equator is 0 latitude n Parallel line distance never changes n 1 Latitude = 69 miles anywhere 24
Latitude 40º W 690 miles Equator (Latitude) 30 º N 30º W 690 miles 20º W 10º S 690 miles 0º 10º W
Determining Latitude and Longitude 30ºN, 50ºW Prime Meridian (0º) 50º W 30º N Point of Origin Equator (0º)
USGS 7. 5’ Map Scale 00 - 30 n Identify Longitude and Latitude side of scale 30 - 00 40 - 10 50 - 20 00 - 30 T I 30 - 00 40 - 10 50 - 20 00 - 30 10 - 40 20 - 50 30 - 00 Typical USGS 1: 24 K 7. 5 min Scale 20 - 50 30 - 00 40 - 10 U 50 - 20 D 00 - 30 E 10 - 40 20 - 50 10 - 40 T 7. 5 min. scale 1: 24, 000 n Identify the scale increments 20 - 50 A LONGITUDE n Right Scale to the Right Map 10 - 40 L 20 - 50 30 - 00 40 - 10 50 - 20 00 - 30 10 - 40 20 - 50 30 - 00
Place scale marks on longitude grid lines Determining Longitude 00 0 7. 5 m 1 s square = in. ca le : 2 4, Longitude of LO 115º 19' 30" NG IT U DE E Longitude is not parallel D U T I T L Lines A Meridian 2. 5 min 20’ 115º 17' 30"
Determining Latitude 17' 30" L A T I Latitude of U square = E 44º 15' 00" 7. 5 min. scale 1: 24, 000 Latitude is parallel LONGITUDE 44º 16' 50" D Place scale marks on latitude grid lines 2. 5 min T
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Task A: Determining Lat/Long n Cut out the provided scale from paper n Using the provided worksheet, practice determining the lat/long of a given spot 30
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Task A: Determining Lat/Long (continued) Worksheet Answers A. N 39º 29’ 15” W 124º 4’ 50” A B. N 39º 29 25” W 124º 3’ 45” C. N 39º 28’ 05” W 124º 4’ 50” D. N 39º 28’ 51” W 124º 4’ 15” B D C 31
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 32
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) n A coordinate system based on Lat/Lon n Earth divided into 60 UTM zones n Coordinates expressed as Easting and Northing n Measured in meters 33
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training UTM (continued) n Eastings start at 500, 000 M at center line of Zone n Northings center line is the Equator n Northings start at “ 0” for Northern Hemisphere n Northings start at 100, 000 for Southern 34
UTM Grid Overlay 60 Zones Equator Latitude Bands 1 Zones 84º N X W V U TT S R Q P N M L K J H G 80º S F E D C 21 20 Latitude Bands 21 T 60
UTM Zones in the United States Longitude 1260 1200 1140 1080 1020 960 900 840 780 720 660 19 10 11 12 13 18 14 15 16 17
UTM Zones Comparison 840 N 60 Equator 800 S 60 60 60
decreasing 840 N 60 Equator 10000000 m N decreasing 0000000 m N Equator 500000 m E central meridian increasing Anatomy of the UTM Zone increasing
UTM Coordinates n Coordinates on a USGS Topographic Map Example Zone 15 S 0343896 m. E 4302079 m. N UTM Zone UTM Band Easting in Meters Northing in Meters n Coordinates on a GPS unit Example 15 S 0343896 4302079 UTM Zone UTM Band Easting in Meters Northing in Meters
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Map Tool: UTM Corner Ruler 10 Meter Accuracy Map Preparation n Tick Marks around Edge n Pencil and ruler n Mark UTM Grid Lines Precision is the key to ACCURACY! 40
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Precision Versus Accuracy n Precision: How small an area can be defined or plotted l GPS lat/long coordinates: To 1/10 of a second l UTM coordinates: To one meter n Accuracy: How closely a GPS receiver can calculate its position relative to its true location l Can vary from a few millimeters to several kilometers 41
Plotting UTM Coordinates 1, 000 m Place the corner of the UTM grid reader on the point to be plotted 4791 UTM grid reader 4790 9 5 5 0 9 4789 541 Each tic = 100 meters on this grid reader (your grid reader has 20 meter tics) 542 543 House coordinates = 0541450 m. E 4789650 m. N
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Exercise: Plotting UTM Coordinates 43
Exercise: Plotting UTM Coordinates 1. Plot GPS position 10 S 0294324 3925702 2. Locate 0295450 3927600 0295200 3926400 0294650 3927250 0294850 3925100
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Task B: Using USGS Map with GPS Receiver n Draw lines to ‘grid off’ a USGS map n Use a map scale aid to determine a series of coordinates on the map n Convert coordinates using a GPS unit n Plot coordinates from a GPS unit on a map (WGS 84 and NAD 27 Datums) 45
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training United States National Grid (USNG) 46
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training United States National Grid (USNG) n Persons using different brand maps will be able to communicate using same grid system n Paper maps that use the USNG will be easily used in conjunction with GPS receivers 47
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG (continued) n Supplements conventional street addresses and provides locations away from the road network Department of Interior 1849 C Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 USNG: 18 SUJ 22850705 (NAD 83) 48
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG (continued) n A single system that can be taught to all citizens in the school system, and that can be used in any community across the nation n Can be uniformly truncated at various levels of precision n Basis for building a street and feature index database that can be used with any map product or device that uses the standard grid 49
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: How To Read Spatial Address n Washington Monument in Washington, D. C. n 18 SUJ 23480647 50
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Coordinate Format n Alpha-numeric reference system that overlays the UTM coordinate system n A USNG spatial address is broken down into three parts 18 S UJ 23480647 l Grid Zone Designation (World Wide) l 100, 000 m Square ID (Regional) l Grid Coordinates (Local) 51
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: World-Wide Unique Values n The world is divided into 60 UTM Zones, each 6° degrees of longitude wide n US is covered by Zones 10 through 19 n US is covered by belts R, S, T, and U n Washington, DC area falls within Grid Zone Designation 18 S 52
USNG Grid Zone Designation 18 S UJ 23480647 U N 480 1260 1200 1140 1080 1020 960 900 840 780 720 660 T N 400 S 19 N 320 R 10 N 240 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Regional Area n USNG further divides the world into 100, 000 -meter squares 18 S UJ 23480647 n Squares identified with two letter values n Letters I and O are not used 54
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Local Area 18 S UJ 23480647 n Read Right Then Up n Read UP to 06 then another 470 06 meters 43 4307 480 m 470 m n Read RIGHT to 23 then another 480 meters 000 m. N 322000 m. E 323 324 55
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Local Area Precision n Abbreviate to the degree of precision you require within a local area l 4 digits - 2306 - 1, 000 m (neighborhood) l 6 digits - 234064 - 100 m (soccer field) l 8 digits - 23480647 - 10 m (home) l 10 digits - 2348306479 - 1 m (parking spot) 56
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training 10, 000 meter Square 100 meter square 1 meter square 0 57
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Power of Truncated USNG Values n Any two letter combination will not repeat but every 18º longitude and similar area latitude UJ 23480647 58
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Grid Reference Box / Legend n Located in the Key section of map n May be variations for the 100, 000 m Square Identifications U. S. National Grid 100, 000 -m Square ID 3 00 TJ UJ 43 00 TH UH Grid Zone Designation 18 S 59
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG Notes: USNG is Interoperable with MGRS 1. USNG uses NAD 83/WGS 84 by default, NAD 27 must be explicitly noted: 14 SUJ 2435045012 (NAD 27) 2. USNG has unlimited precision. MGRS to 1 meter 3. USNG requires at least two digits following MGRS square letters 4. USNG can be written with separation: 14 S UJ 243 450 60
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Creating Grid Search Areas n Scale USNG to the search box size n Number of digits determines scale size l 4 digits - 2306 - 1, 000 m (neighborhood) l 6 digits - 234064 - 100 m (soccer field) l 8 digits - 23480647 - 10 m (home) l 10 digits - 2348306479 - 1 m (parking spot) 61
USNG: Search Grid – 4 Digit (1000 m) n 16 R BU 9261 – BU 9360
USNG: Team Assignment Level Grid 68 TN-TF 1 MD-TF 1 TN-TF 1 PA-TF 1 MD-TF 1 PA-TF 1 64 60 56 84 88 92 96 00 Large Scale Map Using 4 Digit Precision USNG (EX: BU 9462) 04
USNG: Team Level Grid Example 604 RS-2 RS-1 RS-2 603 RS-2 RS-1 RS-2 602 RS-1 RS-2 601 RS-2 RS-1 RS-2 600 921 922 923 924 925 926 Large Scale Map Using 4 Digit Precision USNG (EX: BU 921602)
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training USNG: Review n 18 S UJ 23480647 n Grid Zone Designation (i. e. , 18 S) n 100, 000 -meter Square Identification (i. e. , UJ ) n Grid coordinates are an even number of digits ranging from 2 to 10 (i. e. , 23480647) n You always read RIGHT, then UP when plotting coordinates n Customarily written as USNG: 18 SUJ 23480647 65
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Task C: Using USGS Map with USNG Data n Locate Using Los Angeles USGS Map l LT 853706 Armory l 11 SLT 86576934 County Jail l 8668 Mary Knoll School 66
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Unit Summary and Evaluation 67
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Unit Summary n Define basic mapping terms n Compare electronic and paper maps n Describe position format and datum n Interchange waypoints between GPS unit and paper map n Use a map and GPS unit to navigate 68
National Urban Search & Rescue Response System Canine Search Specialist Training Unit Evaluation Please fill out the evaluation form for this unit 69
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