National Medical Association Racism in Medicine Health Parity

National Medical Association Racism in Medicine Health Parity for African Americans Authored by Rodney G. Hood, M. D. Immediate Past President

Carnage of Racism

12/29/2021 RG Hood, MD The Beginning w The Evolution of Man 5

Lucy Palaeontological Evolution Evidence

Origin of All Languages Africa

Genetic Evolution Evidence In 1987 geneticists at UC Berkeley (Cann/Wilson) analyzed partial mitochondrial DNA (mt. DNA) sequence (less than 7%) of different people worldwide and found more genetic mutations among indigenous Africans than any other people. Max Ingman, et. al. , at the University of Uppsala in Sweden recently described global mt. DNA diversity in humans based on analyses of the complete mt. DNA sequence of 53 humans of diverse origins. Nature: Mitochondrial Genome Variation and the Origin of Modern Man, Dec. 7, 2000.

The Migration of Man The origin and dispersal of modern humans, Homo sapiens. The time of origin of modern humans is not well known but may have been about 200, 000 (130, 000– 465, 000) years ago.

“The African Eve” The UC Berkeley geneticists postulated that the entire population of the modern world was descended from a relatively small group of people that left Africa 100, 000 years ago. This group postulated the “African Eve” theory (Newsweek), that every human being alive today carries the mt. DNA of just one African woman (Lucy’s cousin) or a small number of female African ancestors who lived more than 10, 000 generations ago.

Imhotep the Physician This great African physician was deified in approximately 2850 B. C. Imhotep was the first person known as a doctor throughout the world and acknowledged as the god of medicine 5000 years ago. Some 2500 years before a Greek laid claim to this same title.

Historic African Surgery Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1884 Cesarean Section performed by a Banyoro surgeon in Uganda in 1879 with the use of aseptic technique, sutures and hot cautery irons. Illustration from Dr. RW Felkin’s description of the Cesarean Section.

Human Genome Project

A Portrait in Diversity

Human World Clans The Seven Daughters of Eve “Whose Your Mama? ” Lucy

“LAYLA” Rodney’s Mama

Conclusion of Evidence Thus, we have Fossil, Linguistic and Genetic evidence that persuasively point to the conclusion that every person alive today is descended from modern humans (Homo Sapiens) that existed only in Africa until approximately 100, 000 years ago. The origins of humanity, civilization, intelligence and modern medicine (Imhotep) have evolved from Africa.

12/29/2021 RG Hood, MD The Evolution of Racism in Medicine Racism has roots in medicine over 2500 years 18

The Great Chain of Being Race and Ancient Scientific Precursors

Early Forefathers of Racial Bias

The Roman-Greek Contributions to Racism in Medicine The teachings of Galen (c. 130 -201), a famous second century Roman physician of Greek origin, were accepted as sacrosanct by teachers of Western medicine for 1500 years. Galen promoted the racist concepts of Black physical and psychological inferiority in his teachings and writings. Bernal M. Black Athena/ The Fabrication of Ancient Greece 1785 -1985, Rutger Univ. Press, 1987.

European Contribution: Racism in Medicine Many European physician-scientists during the 16 th, 17 th, 18 th and 19 th centuries contributed racist teachings into the medical corpus of knowledge. A few notables: Paracelsus: A famous Swiss physician and philosopher. Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Father of Microscopy. Marcello Malphighi: Father of Histology

Hottentot Venus Lady Exploitation of Saartjie Baartman by Baron Georges Cuvier

The Round Up Period

The Slave Ship

Living Africans Thrown Overboard The Slave Ship Zong in 1781

Transatlantic Slave Period

The Assault on Black Humanity Continues

American Health Professional Contribution to Racism in Medicine

Benjamin Rush, M. D.

The Beginning of Women’s Health Father of Gynecology – J. Marion Sims, M. D.

Medically Prescribed Punishment

First Black Health Reconstruction Period

Organized Medicine’s Race-Based Policies Three periods of AMA official rejection of Black physicians: 1. June 1869 — the Medical Society of the District of Columbia. 2. May 1870 — at the 21 st AMA National Convention in Washington, D. D. 3. In 1872 — the AMA Convention again rejected a similar biracial delegation.

Nineteenth-Century Academic Thinking on Race Nathaniel Southgate Shaler (18411906) Joseph Le. Conte (1823 -1901) Edward Drinker Cope (1840 -1897)

National Medical Association Birth

The Civil Rights Era The Second Black Health Reconstruction Period The 1964 Civil Rights Act, hospital desegregation court rulings, passage of Medicare and Medicaid and the health centers movement, all created a “Civil Rights Era” in health care for Blacks. This initiated the Second Black Health Reconstruction Period from 1965 - 1985.

“The Slave Health Deficit” A National Crisis 35% more Blacks than the general population die from cancer each year. 40% more Blacks than the general population die from heart disease each year. 35% of Black men suffer with hypertension compared to the national average of 25%. Diabetes Mellitus is 70% higher among Blacks suffer much higher rates of ESRD but Whites are twice as likely to receive a life saving kidney transplant. The impact of HIV/AIDS, violence, substance abuse, unintentional injuries, infant mortality & many other preventable conditions is greater for Blacks.

Causes for the Ethnic Health Disparities Inadequate Access Socioeconomic Cultural Differences Genetic Differences Environmental Exposures Dietary Habits Unhealthy Life Styles Culturally Incompetent Health Care Systems & Providers Racial Bias Racism

12/29/2021 RG Hood, MD Modern Racism in Health Care An Unspoken “Risk Factor” for the African American Health Deficit and Ethnic Health Disparities in the United States 43

“Of All Forms of Inequity, Injustice in Healthcare is the Most Shocking and Inhumane. ” - Martin Luther King

12/29/2021 RG Hood, MD The Evidence for Modern Racism in Medicine “Health Care Racial Profiling” 46

Racial Bias in Medicine “Health Care Racial Profiling” JAMA, 1994: A study in Los Angeles revealed : “Hispanic patients were twice as likely as white patients to receive no analgesia when presenting to the ER with a fresh bone fractures. ” The Annals of Emergency Medicine, Jan. 2000 (Emory University School of Medicine) concluded that “Black patients with broken arms and legs were less likely than white patients to receive painkillers when presenting to an Atlanta ER. ”

Racial Bias in Medicine “Health Care Racial Profiling” “Race, quality of care and prescribing practices in psychiatric emergency services”, Psychiatry Service: March, 1996. Conclusion – “Clinicians, mostly Caucasian, prescribed more psychiatric medications to African Americans than to other patients and devoted significantly less time to their psychiatric evaluations. ”

“Health Care Racial Profiling” The Schulman// Georgetown Cardiovascular Study (NEJM: Feb. 1999). The Lung Cancer Sloan-Kettering Study (NEJM: Oct. 1999). The Renal Transplant Harvard Study (NEJM: Nov. 1999).

Health Care Racial Profiling Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School Study, “Quality of Care by Race & Gender for CHF and Pneumonia”, by Ayanian, et al (Medical Care Dec. 1999, 37(12): 1260 -9) The Michelle van Ryn Study, “Effects of Race and SES on Physicians Perception of Patients” (J. Social Science and Medicine: March 2000) Yale University Cooperative Cardiovascular Project, “Racial Differences in the Use of Cardiac Catherization after Acute Myocardial Infarction”, by J. Chen, et al (NEJM, May 2001, Vol. 344)

Defining Racism Camara Phyllis Jones gives a theoretical framework for understanding and defining racism. Internalized Racism Personally Mediated Racism Institutionalized Racism

Health Policy and Research Institute Health Institute Centers African American Health Center Think Tank Health Policy and Advocacy Center Research, Surveillance and Educational Center Community/Public Media Information Center Mobilization and Participation Action Center

Understanding Racism through Jazz

A Question to Explore Is there a correlation between the centuries-old racist theories taught by the western medical profession and the current studies that reveal persistent race-associated differential health status and outcomes based upon the degree of melanin in the population?

Health Disparities the Vision for the Future

The Hope and The Future We will, We can, and We must stop the insanity of racism! “Insanity is when we keep doing the same thing and expecting a different result. ” by Albert Einstein presented by Ariannah Hood