NATIONAL LATIN EXAM CRASH COURSE Latin II NOUNS

NATIONAL LATIN EXAM CRASH COURSE! Latin II

NOUNS All the declensions! All the cases! � Nominative � Genitive � Dative � Accusative � Ablative You know all those! BUT There a couple of new uses you need to learn.

THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE Milite vulnerātō, nemo me custodiēbat. The highlighted thing: an ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. An Ablative Absolute is made of a noun and a participle in the ablative. You translate it in any of the following ways: “After the [noun] [verb respecting tense + voice of participle] � “With the [noun] [verb respecting tense + voice of participle] � “When the [noun] [verb respecting tense + voice of participle] � ALWAYS TRANSLATE THE NOUN FIRST! So the example sentence is translated thus: After the soldier was wounded, no one was protecting me. � With the soldier wounded, no one was protecting me. � When the soldier was wounded, no one was protecting me. � Go with whichever sounds best. �

FOUR EXAMPLES Mē ingressō, Cogidubnus mē salutavit. � Sōle lucente, mercator Arabs forum transiit. � With the king dead, Salvius could take over Britain. Oratiōne datā, omnēs plausērunt. � As the sun shone, the Arab merchant crossed the forum. Rege mortuō, Salvius Britanniam occupāre potuit. � After I had entered, Cogidubnus greeted me. After the speech was given, everyone applauded. Why is it called “absolute”? Latin solvō (loosen, untie, cut off) + ab: the ablative absolute is not attached or connected to the rest of the sentence. � What this means for you: if you refer to something in the rest of the sentence, then you have translated the abl. abs. wrong. �

COMMON ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE MISTAKES Hīs verbīs dictīs, Cogidubnus exiit. “After he said these words, Cogidubnus left. ” � What’s 1. 2. 3. wrong with this translation? They didn’t translate the noun in the ablative absolute first! The noun is verbīs. They didn’t respect the voice of the participle! It is a passive participle. They are words having been said. They referred to the rest of the sentence! “He” (Cogidubnus) is not in the ablative absolute. How would you translate this correctly? “After these words were said, Cogidubnus left. ” � “With these words having been said, Cogidubnus left. ” �

THE ABLATIVE OF INSTRUMENT Used to indicate with what, or in what way, something was done. Examples! � Retiarius murmillonem gladiō interfecit. � The net-fighter killed the murmillo with a sword. � Caecilius voce laetā dicebat. � Caecilius was speaking in a happy voice. � Servus dominum delectat cibō. � The slave pleases the master with food.

THE ACCUSATIVE AND ABLATIVE OF TIME The accusative of time signifies duration. Examples: � Trēs diēs ambulavī. � I walked for three days. � Multōs annōs vīxit. � He lived for many years. The ablative of time signifies a point in time. Examples: � Tertiō diē advēnī. � I arrived on the third day. � Proximō annō periit. � He died the next year.

TWO PREPOSITIONS THAT TAKE THE ACCUSATIVE ob propter These both mean something like “on account of” or “because of”, though their meanings are loose. Examples!! � Celeriter cucurrī ob gravitatem discriminis. � I ran quickly on account of the seriousness of the crisis. � Imperatorī propter metum parent. � They obey the emperor because of fear. � Heard of the “post hoc” fallacy? Post hoc, propter hoc: After this, (therefore) because of this.

PRONOUNS & DEMONSTRATIVES Know the charts and meanings of: � hic, haec, hoc � ille, illa, illud � is, ea, id � qui, quae, quod � Personal pronouns (ego, tu, nos, vos) � Reflexive pronoun (sē) � Interrogative pronouns (Quis? Quid? )

VERBS This is where it gets complicated… You need to know SIX tenses in both ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE (twelve charts!!!) � Present � Imperfect � Future � Perfect � Pluperfect � Future Perfect No new subjunctives, though.

FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE Translate: “will [verb]” This tense conjugates a little differently in different conjugations. In the 1 st and 2 nd conjugations: � [present stem] �+ bi � + {ō, s, t, mus, tis, nt} In the 3 rd, 3 io, and 4 th : � [present �+ stem] (i)ē � + {m, s, t, mus, tis, nt}

EXAMPLES laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus � laudābō � laudābis � laudābit � laudābimus � laudābitis � laudābunt capiō, capere, cēpī, captus � capiam � capiēs � capiet � capiēmus � capiētis � capient

FUTURE OF SUM erō eris erit erimus eritis erunt

FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE Translate: “will have [verbed]” Formation: � [perfect stem] + eri + {ō, s, t, mus, tis, nt} Example � laudaverō: I will have praised � laudaveris: You will have praised � laudaverit etc. � laudaverimus � laudaveritis � laudaverint How would you do the future perfect of sum?

THE PASSIVE VOICE Passive: the subject does not do the action, it receives the action. English example � Active: “Sassenberg graded the quiz” � Passive: “The quiz was graded by Sassenberg” There is a set of PASSIVE PERSONAL ENDINGS. They are: �r �ris �tur �minī �ntur

3 PASSIVE TENSES Present, Imperfect, and Future form exactly the same in the Passive, you just use {r, ris, tur, minī, ntur} instead of {ō, s, t, mus, tis, nt. } So let’s conjugate!

PRESENT PASSIVE INDICATIVE laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus � laudor: I am praised � laudāris: You are praised � laudātur: He/she/it is praised � laudāmur: We are praised � laudāminī: Y’all are praised � laudāntur: They are praised Coquus ā dominō salutātur The cook is greeted by the master

IMPERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus � laudābar: I was being praised (sometimes simply “was praised”) � laudābāris: You were being praised � laudābātur: etc. � laudābāmur � laudābāminī � laudābantur Milites inspiciēbantur. The soldiers were being inspected.

FUTURE PASSIVE INDICATIVE laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus � laudābor � laudāberis � laudābitur � laudābiminī � laudābuntur Crās ā Imperatore laudābor. Tomorrow I will be praised by the emperor.

3 MORE PASSIVE TENSES These are easy! Perfect Passive Indicative: � [4 th principal part] + [present of sum] Pluperfect Passive Indicative: � [4 th principal part] + [imperfect of sum] Future � [4 th Passive Indicative: principal part] + [future of sum]

PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus � laudātus sum: I was praised or I have been praised � laudātus es: You were praised or You have been praised � laudātus est: � laudātī sumus � laudātī estis � laudātī sunt Numquam etc. graviter vulnerātus sum I have never been seriously injured

PLUPERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus � laudātus eram: I had been praised � laudātus erās: You had been praised � laudātus erat: etc. � laudātī erāmus � laudātī erātis � laudātī erant Cena iam cocta erat ubi Caecilius advēnit. Dinner had already been cooked when Caecilius arrived. � Why “cocta”? The participle has to agree with the subject.

FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE (WHAT A MOUTHFUL) laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus � laudātus erō: I will have been praised � laudātus eris: You will have been praised � laudātus erit: etc. � laudātī erimus � laudātī eritis � laudātī erunt Crās hostēs superātī erunt. (By) tomorrow the enemies will have been defeated.

INFINITIVES There is more than one infinitive! You know the present active already. � laudāre: “to praise” The present passive infinitive is formed thus: � In 1 st, 2 nd, and 4 th conjugations, remove the final “e” and put in an “ī” instead. � In 3 rd, and 3 io, remove the “ere” or “īre” and put in the “ī”. � portāre portārī: “to be carried” � docēre docērī: “to be taught” � trahere trahī: “to be dragged” � capere capī: “to be captured” � audīre audīrī: “to be heard”

INFINITIVES PART TWO The perfect active infinitive looks suspiciously similar to the pluperfect subjunctive! You form it like this: � [perfect stem] + isse laudāvisse: “to have praised” cēpisse: “to have captured” The perfect passive infinitive is formed like this: � [4 th principle part] + esse laudātus esse: “to have been praised” captus esse: “to have been captured”

FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE Take the 4 th principal part and stick an “ūr” before the “us” to form the future participle. laudātūrus: “going to praise, about to praise” captūrus: “going to capture, about to capture” There is also a future active infinitive: laudātūrus esse: “to be about to praise” captūrus esse: “to be about to capture”

INDIRECT STATEMENTS!

INDIRECT STATEMENTS If your eyes glazed over and your mind started to wander in the last few slides (I don’t blame you), pay attention again for a sec because this is really important! An INDIRECT STATEMENT is a bit like an indirect question except it doesn’t use the subjunctive. Examples in English: � Direct statement: “I went to the forum. ” � Indirect statement: “Grumio said that I went to the forum. ”

INDIRECT STATEMENTS: THE SECOND SLIDE Take this example again: � Direct statement: “I walked to the forum. ” � Indirect statement: “Grumio said that I walked to the forum. ” Here’s how you do this in Latin: � Direct statement: “Ad forum ambulāvī. ” � Indirect statement: “Grumiō mē ad forum ambulāre dīxit. ” � Grammatically, how did the direct statement change? � The main verb within the indirect statement becomes an infinitive and the subject is put in the accusative. � The indirect statement is set up by a head verb (a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, etc. )

EXAMPLES Audiō militēs venīre. � I hear that the soldiers are coming. Ancilla putat omnēs eam amāre. � The slave girl thinks that everybody loves her. Barbarīs superātīs, Romanī nuntiavērunt sē victorēs esse. � After the barbarians were defeated (ablative absolute!) the Romans anounced that they (the Romans, not the barbarians) were the winners.

HARDER EXAMPLES Remember all those new infinitives? Indirect statements can use those too! Credō Romanōs semper victorēs futurōs esse. � I believe the Romans will always be winners. Ea nescit nōs laborem domūs nōn fēcisse. � She doesn’t know we didn’t do the homework. Salvius mē ā Imperatore laudarī scit. � Salvius knows that I am praised by the emperor.

IMPERSONAL VERBS Verbs where the subject is an implied “it. ” Licet – It is allowed Placet – It pleases These take the dative. Examples! � Servō nōn licet ad forum īre. � It is not allowed for the slave to go to the forum. � (The slave is not allowed to go to the forum) � Tibi placet? � Is it pleasing to you? � (Do you like it? )

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS You already know some (et…et) Here are more! �Nec…nec = Neither…nor �Aut…aut = Either…or

THE END It’s over