National Hospice and Palliative Care Organizations Palliative Care

National � Hospice and Palliative Care Organization’s Palliative Care Resource Series PALLIATIVE CARE FOR DEMENTIA PATIENTS: PRACTICAL TIPS FOR HOME BASED PROGRAMS Parag Bharadwaj, MD, FAAHPM Anjali Chandra, MD Gretchen Fitzgerald, CRNP, ACHPN Katherine Ward, MD

INTRODUCTION q 1 in 3 seniors die of dementia q In 2015, 5. 3 million Americans have Alzheimer’s dementia q Expected to triple by 2050 q Alzheimer’s disease is the 6 th leading cause of death

INTRODUCTION q. Alzheimer’s dementia is the most common type of dementia q. Vascular Dementia q. Frontotemporal Dementia q. Lewy Body Dementia

OVERVIEW q Dementia q Definition and Prevalence q Pathophysiology q Diagnosis q Clinical Features q Disease Management q Palliative Care in Dementia Patients at Home

DEFINITION AND PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA q A syndrome involving decline in: q Memory q Thinking q Behavior q Ability to perform daily activities q Not commonly seen in persons below the age of 60, its prevalence is 30 -50% by age 85

RELEVANT PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Type of Dementia Alzheimer’s Dementia Vascular Dementia Frontotemporal Dementia Distinguishing Feature Important Considerations Slow onset Increased prevalence with aging Usually associated with neurological deficits Closely associated with cardiovascular disease Changes in personality typically Common cause of dementia in marked by disinhibition younger patients • Lewy Body Dementia • Features overlap with Haloperidol and Parkinson’s disease chlorpromazine to be avoided Hallucinations are common

DIAGNOSIS q Dementia is a diagnosis of exclusion q Exclude potentially treatable conditions q Exclude the use of medications causing symptoms of dementia q Forgetfulness, disorientation and change in behaviors present q Mental status tests, most commonly the mini-mental state exam (MMSE)

DIAGNOSIS q MMSE Scores SCORE Likely Association with Severity of Dementia 24 -30 Normal 20 -23 Mild cognitive impairment* 10 -19 Moderate cognitive impairment <10 Severe cognitive impairment *Not all patients progress to have dementia These scores can vary by age and education. Reference table should be used.

CLINICAL FEATURES q The Functional Assessment Staging of Alzheimer’s Disease (FAST) q Collected from the patient corroborated with a caregiver or family member

DISEASE MANAGEMENT q Pharmacological Interventions q Medications targeted at slowing down the disease process have moderate effects at best q Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine q Antipsychotic medications often ineffective

DISEASE MANAGEMENT q Non-Pharmacological Interventions q Cognitive/emotion-orientation interventions q Sensory stimulation q Behavioral management techniques q Exercise therapy

DISEASE MANAGEMENT q Pain q. Difficult to assess q. Under recognized and undertreated q. A trial of pain medication is first step to treating agitation q Drugs of questionable benefit should be discontinued in advanced dementia

PALLIATIVE CARE IN DEMENTIA PATIENTS AT HOME q Functional status declines steadily until it reaches a poor and dependent condition q Less agitation in their home environment and familiar surroundings although burdensome for caregivers

PALLIATIVE CARE IN DEMENTIA PATIENTS AT HOME q Education and guidance to caregivers: q Decreases caregiver burden q Increases patient’s quality of life q Avoids inappropriate admissions to the hospital

PALLIATIVE CARE IN DEMENTIA PATIENTS AT HOME q Intensive planning and care coordination between all involved medical specialties, family, caregivers, psychosocial supports q Disease trajectory and advance care planning early in disease

CLINICAL: PERTINENT AREAS OF SPECIAL FOCUS q Vital Signs, with special attention to pain q Physical Exam q Explain your actions, provide reassuring touch, and approach in a calm manner q Utilize family members during the exam to offer reassurance or distract the patient

CLINICAL: PERTINENT AREAS OF SPECIAL FOCUS q Functional Status (use one tool consistently such as the Palliative Performance Scale) q Sleep pattern q Skin integrity q Malnutrition q Incontinence q Falls

CLINICAL: PERTINENT AREAS OF SPECIAL FOCUS q Screening for Symptoms (use one tool consistently) q Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) q MMSE or Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) for monitoring progression of memory loss q RUDAS can be the best scale for patients with little or no education or patients from a different ethnic or cultural background

CLINICAL: PERTINENT AREAS OF SPECIAL FOCUS q Medication Reconciliation q Benefits/burdens of each medication q Dispensed with patient/caregiver q Interview family members and caregivers to determine a baseline functional level and patient’s unique patterns

ADDITIONAL NEEDS ASSESSMENT: PERTINENT AREAS OF SPECIAL FOCUS q Emotional and Financial Support Screening q Spiritual Needs Screening q Home Safety Evaluation q Caregiver Screening

PATIENT GOALS: PERTINENT AREAS OF SPECIAL FOCUS q Care plan and patient goals reviewed frequently q Advance directive/ Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (POLST) q Documents should be readily available to patient, caregiver and paramedics (if called)

PATIENT GOALS: PERTINENT AREAS OF SPECIAL FOCUS q Nutrition and Hydration q Skillful discussions and decision making q Assistance with feeding orally is preferred approach q PEG tubes are of no benefit in preventing aspiration in patients with advanced dementia q can lead to the increased use of chemical and physical restraints

PATIENT GOALS: PERTINENT AREAS OF SPECIAL FOCUS q Depending on the clinical status, treatment options and goals should be readdressed on a regular basis q Use Functional Assessment Scale (FAST) scale to help determine prognosis and hospice eligibility

REVIEW AND EDUCATION: PERTINENT AREAS OF SPECIAL FOCUS q Changes in the treatment plan given to the patient and caregiver in writing and reviewed with them q Educate caregivers - reduce caregiver stress and optimize patient’s quality of life q Communicate with the primary physician/geriatrics during every visit and review plan of care

OPERATIONAL q Scope of practice of each member of the team q Team functions as one unit with team members being able to rely on each other q Routine Interdisciplinary Team (IDT) meetings are essential q Role delineation is vital q Strong relationship with geriatrics and primary care is essential

OPERATIONAL q A working relationship with the family/caregivers is critical for success q Care of the family/caregiver is part of caring for the patient q Operational policies are required to guide caregivers in emergencies q Quality data should be collected and reviewed routinely

OPERATIONAL q Expected Outcomes q Improved continuity and quality of care q Decrease in ER visits and inappropriate hospitalizations q Increased adherence to patient goals q Improved patient and provider satisfaction

SUMMARY: LESSONS LEARNED AND BEST PRACTICES q A well-coordinated team q Frequent team meetings q Each home setting is unique q Focus should be on keeping the patient comfortable and meeting patient/family goals q Proactive plans are vital to avoid crises

SUMMARY: LESSONS LEARNED AND BEST PRACTICES q Active listening offers comfort and provides insight q Efficiencies are obtained through having an adequate number of support staff trained in palliative care to work with the palliative care provider(s) q Relationships develop in a different way when in the home; resiliency and self-care must be part of this work