National findings from the 2019 Illicit Drug Reporting

National findings from the 2019 Illicit Drug Reporting System Funded by the Australian Government under the Drug and Alcohol Program

63 [VALUE] 45 35 Heroin Methamphetamine Morphine Cocaine 33 20 19 8 7 [VALUE]** 2 2 20 18 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 10 20 20 09 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 16 20 01 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 00 % IDRS participants Figure 1: Drug of choice, nationally, 2000 -2019 Cannabis Note. Substances listed in this figure are the primary endorsed; nominal percentages have endorsed other substances. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

58 44 37 23 42 40 Methamphetamine Morphine Cocaine Methadone Note. Substances listed in this figure are the primary endorsed; nominal percentages have endorsed other substances. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 20 10 20 09 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 Heroin 20 18 10 [VALUE]** 4 4 [VALUE] 5 20 01 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 00 % IDRS participants Figure 2: Drug injected most often in the past month, nationally, 2000 -2019

Figure 3: Weekly or more frequent substance use in the past six months, nationally, 2000 -2019 80 60 64 57 54 47 50 48 43 38 40 30 20 26 Non-prescribed morphine (weekly) Crystal methamphetamine (weekly) 19 18 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 10 11 20 Heroin (weekly) Cannabis (weekly) Powder methamphetamine (weekly) 20 09 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 02 20 01 20 00 20 03 11 0 20 10 9 11 [VALUE]* 6 20 % IDRS Participants 70 65 Note. Computed of the entire sample regardless of whether they had used the substance in the past six months. Y axis reduced to 80% to improve visibility of trends. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

180 160 79 66 120 68 65 69 66 56 59 60 64 64 140 62 60 60 60 58 58 57 54 55 90 74 120 100 80 60 40 20 Median days used 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 % IDRS Participants Figure 4: Past six month use and frequency of use of heroin, nationally, 2000 -2019 % used in past 6 months Median frequency of use (days) Note. Median days computed among those who reported recent use (maximum 180 days). Median days rounded to the nearest whole number. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Figure 5: Median price of heroin per cap and gram, nationally, 2000 -2019 500 450 Median Pirce ($) 400 350 350 320 370 360 350 340 350 300 300 320 300 350 335 [VALUE]** [VALUE] 250 200 150 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 0 Cap Gram Note. Among those who commented. Price for a gram of heroin was not collected in 2000. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Figure 6: Current perceived purity of heroin, nationally, 2000 -2019 100% 11 43 40 35 43 8 10 10 47 41 14 13 12 13 44 42 40 11 13 14 46 42 13 14 14 17 60 39 33 31 50 33 27 34 34 34 19 22 19 49 High Medium Low 13 7 10 Fluctuates Note. The response ‘Don’t know’ was excluded from analysis. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019. 31 34 11 25 20 19 10 30 20 18 11 32 20 17 10 34 20 16 10 35 20 15 10 31 20 14 7 37 20 13 9 20 06 15 20 05 12 20 04 11 20 02 0% 9 20 01 22 40 20 12 25 21 34 20 11 37 20 10 38 20 09 20% 39 20 08 37 20 07 30% 13 63 60% 40% 9 29 70% 50% 10 20 03 80% 8 20 00 % of those who commented 90%

Figure 7: Current perceived availability of heroin, nationally, 2000 -2019 6 21 14 11 11 12 21 38 42 34 12 21 36 46 14 9 11 11 11 37 34 38 36 53 52 48 51 46 13 38 10 10 39 39 50 49 8 8 10 9 38 37 34 35 53 52 55 54 40 39 72 33 47 44 53 50 35 41 39 47 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 % of those who commented 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Very easy Easy Difficult Very difficult Note. The response ‘Don’t know’ was excluded from analysis. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 89 75 73 74 75 79 74 63 69 67 60 66 68 66 69 72 75 71 77 78 76 [VALUE] 58 40 20 7 15 23 9 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 % IDRS participants Figure 8: Past six month use of any methamphetamine, powder, base, and crystal, nationally, 2000 -2019 Speed Base# Crystal Any Methamphetamine Note. # Base asked separately from 2001 onwards. ‘Any methamphetamine’ includes crystal, speed, base and liquid methamphetamine combined. Figures for liquid not reported historically due to small numbers, however in 2018 3% of the national sample reported use of liquid amphetamine in the six months preceding interview. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Figure 9: Frequency of use of any methamphetamine, powder, base, and crystal, nationally, 2000 -2019 90 80 70 Median days 60 50 37 40 30 20 10 18 24 24 22 24 24 24 18 20 10 14 19 22 24 24 38 48 46 48 24 10 5 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 0 6 Speed Base Crystal Any Methamphetamine Note. Median days computed among those who reported recent use (maximum 180 days). Median days rounded to the nearest whole number. Y axis reduced to 90 days to improve visibility of trends. Median days used base and crystal not collected in 2000 -2001. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Figure 10: Median price of powder methamphetamine per point and gram, nationally, 2002 -2019 400 350 300 Median Price ($) 300 250 200 250 300 250 275 300 300 [VALUE] 200 200 150 100 50 50 50 50 50 Point Gram Note. Among those who commented. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019. 20 19 20 18 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 20 10 20 09 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 0

High Medium Low 24 37 34 29 28 37 23 19 38 30 14 13 28 28 24 37 37 23 21 37 27 20 19 22 20 18 20 26 13 20 17 29 14 20 16 31 15 20 15 14 31 14 20 14 13 33 33 18 20 13 12 25 40 16 20 12 13 28 47 13 20 11 17 32 45 14 20 10 17 29 36 15 20 09 20 32 41 19 20 08 26 34 36 14 20 07 19 31 31 14 20 06 31 28 16 20 05 35 15 20 04 15 20 03 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 20 02 % of those who commented Figure 11: Current perceived purity of powder methamphetamine, nationally, 2002 -2019 Fluctuates Note. Methamphetamine asked separately for the three different forms from 2002 onwards. The response ‘Don’t know’ was excluded from analysis. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Very easy Easy Difficult 37 36 34 40 39 9 [VALUE]* 32 27 48 50 39 33 20 19 51 20 20 18 39 15 20 17 35 45 19 20 16 41 7 20 15 29 37 45 45 14 20 14 40 44 15 20 13 42 20 09 44 44 38 16 11 20 12 50 18 20 11 45 16 20 10 43 18 20 08 39 39 13 20 07 48 45 12 20 06 52 35 14 20 05 36 14 14 20 04 11 20 03 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 20 02 % of those who commented Figure 12: Current perceived availability of powder methamphetamine, nationally, 2002 -2019 Very difficult Note. Methamphetamine asked separately for the three different forms from 2002 onwards. The response ‘Don’t know’ was excluded from analysis. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Figure 13: Median price of base methamphetamine per point and gram, nationally, 2002 -2019 450 375 400 Median Price ($) 350 300 250 200 200 50 325 200 200 90 50 50 50 300 300 250 100 400 50 50 100 50 80 50 50 Point Gram Note. Among those who commented. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019. 20 19 20 18 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 20 10 20 09 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 0

Figure 14: Current perceived purity of base methamphetamine, nationally, 2002 -2019 % of those who commented 100% 90% 80% 70% 19 11 9 16 13 14 60% 50% 29 43 39 14 15 39 18 17 31 40% 18 16 38 10 30 28 10 32 10 19 43 15 16 39 34 15 23 17 15 17 20 15 15 25 30 40 32 9 16 11 26 10% 37 31 35 31 34 28 33 25 28 30 31 27 31 8 18 16 28 47 45 39 30% 20% 8 40 [VALUE] 29 24 31 0% 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 High Medium Low Fluctuates Note. Methamphetamine asked separately for the three different forms from 2002 onwards. The response ‘Don’t know’ was excluded from analysis. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

17 22 20 17 16 18 15 11 30 31 50 47 55 45 18 24 13 49 32 Very easy Easy 35 38 Difficult 39 34 30 33 30 24 43 20 19 35 20 15 32 20 14 32 20 13 20 34 20 09 35 20 08 34 20 07 41 49 41 27 9 [VALUE] 20 06 20 04 38 44 20 05 58 41 44 20 12 39 20 11 41 20 10 41 23 13 20 18 20 14 20 17 18 14 20 16 9 20 03 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 20 02 % of those who commented Figure 15: Current perceived availability of base methamphetamine, nationally, 2002 -2019 Very difficult Note. Methamphetamine asked separately for the three different forms from 2002 onwards. The response ‘Don’t know’ was excluded from analysis. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Figure 16: Median price of crystal methamphetamine per point and gram, nationally, 2001 -2019 700 600 Median Price ($) 600 500 500 400 300 250 300 350 350 380 400 450 400 350 [VALUE]** 200 100 50 50 50 100 100 80 50 50 Point Gram Note. Among those who commented. No data available for gram in 2001. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019. 20 19 20 18 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 20 10 20 09 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 0

22 8 9 27 6 9 14 11 11 8 19 15 29 32 25 28 14 12 16 15 13 16 14 13 13 31 30 30 28 28 17 18 14 12 15 16 31 27 32 40 37 15 18 18 19 17 30 31 33 30 [VALUE] 35 20 17 40 20 15 44 20 14 42 20 13 40 20 12 46 20 11 32 20 10 41 20 09 41 20 08 51 20 07 60 20 06 56 20 05 64 20 04 62 20 16 26 19 20 19 25 6 8 20 18 7 6 20 03 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 20 02 % of those who commented Figure 17: Current perceive purity of crystal methamphetamine, nationally, 2002 -2019 High Medium Low Fluctuates Note. Methamphetamine asked separately for the three different forms from 2002 onwards. The response ‘Don’t know’ was excluded from analysis. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

49 6 39 38 39 30 31 56 58 56 [VALUE] 64 20 19 42 6 20 18 34 46 5 20 17 31 40 4 20 16 37 42 4 20 15 44 43 46 9 20 14 40 41 38 12 20 13 46 33 20 06 28 20 05 32 39 40 48 20 04 36 43 14 20 12 44 26 19 15 20 11 27 35 27 15 20 10 26 15 20 09 20 15 20 08 14 20 07 11 20 03 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 20 02 % of those who commented Figure 18: Current perceived availability of crystal methamphetamine, nationally, 2002 -2019 Very easy Easy Difficult Very Difficult Note. Methamphetamine asked separately for the three different forms from 2002 onwards. The response ‘Don’t know’ was excluded from analysis. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Figure 19: Past six month use and frequency of use of cocaine, nationally, 2000 -2019 6 6 5 5 35 24 4 6 5 5 4 4 3 27 18 16 3 3 3 22 20 21 18 17 15 16 2 12 13 11 13 14 13 Median Days 8 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 % IDRS Participants 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 % Used Median days Note. Median days computed among those who reported recent use (maximum 180 days). Median days rounded to the nearest whole number. Y axis reduced to 10 days to improve visibility of trends. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Figure 20: Median price of cocaine per cap and gram, nationally, 2000 -2019 450 Median Price ($) 400 350 300 250 250 280 300 350 340 300 350 300 325 350 375 400 380 350 300 200 200 150 100 60 50 50 50 50 50 Cap Gram Note. Among those who commented. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019 20 18 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 20 10 20 09 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 20 00 0

High 26 32 32 49 10 26 31 36 33 39 Medium Low 22 32 31 21 23 28 29 27 9 33 27 29 20 16 32 9 46 20 11 29 20 10 26 20 09 27 27 8 32 20 08 16 28 12 10 22 24 34 27 22 9 30 38 30 20 19 35 41 24 7 20 18 43 15 14 20 17 31 13 20 15 36 23 11 20 14 40 24 5 20 13 35 20 03 24 20 02 31 26 9 20 12 43 31 28 43 32 13 20 07 43 6 20 06 46 16 6 20 05 27 6 10 20 04 0 20 01 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 00 % of those who commented Figure 21: Current perceived purity of cocaine, nationally, 2000 -2019 Fluctuates Note. The response ‘Don’t know’ was excluded from analysis. Figures may not add up to 100% due to rounding. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

30 27 5 10 25 27 Very easy Easy 28 25 Difficult 20 28 38 34 20 14 18 45 42 20 13 35 43 20 12 28 29 35 54 20 11 37 20 10 26 36 40 25 21 Very difficult Note. The response ‘Don’t know’ was excluded from analysis; *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019. 5 6 7 11 34 35 29 27 39 31 42 38 22 24 32 42 20 19 5 20 18 22 7 20 17 26 18 20 09 33 25 20 05 25 20 03 33 20 02 33 29 48 25 6 46 38 29 8 20 08 32 28 7 20 16 30 30 11 20 15 22 10 20 07 28 16 20 06 17 7 20 04 10 20 01 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 00 % of those who commented Figure 22: Current perceived availability of cocaine, nationally, 2000 -2019

170 180 180 178 170 175 180 180 160 170 135 140 120 100 96 84 130 120 86 86 83 82 82 83 81 77 76 75 79 76 72 73 73 73 74 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 % IDRS Participants 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Median days used Figure 23: Past six month use and frequency of use of cannabis, nationally, 2000 -2019 % Used Median days Note. Median days computed among those who reported recent use (maximum 180 days). Median days rounded to the nearest whole number. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Figure 24: Median price of hydroponic (a) and bush (b) cannabis per ounce and gram, nationally, 2003 -2019 (B) Bush cannabis (A) Hydroponic cannabis 300 350 280 278 300 300 300 290 300 300 280 280 Median Price ($) 200 150 100 50 20 20 20 20 20 0 250 250 250 200 220 200 200 200 250 240 220 230 200 [VALUE] 200 150 100 50 20 20 20 20 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 03 20 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 20 04 20 03 0 20 Median Price ($) 300 280 Ounce Gram Note. Among those who commented. From 2003 onwards hydroponic and bush cannabis data collected separately. No data available for ounce in 2000 and 2001. Ounce

Figure 25: Current perceived potency of hydroponic (a) and bush (b) cannabis, nationally, 2004 -2019 (B) Bush cannabis 27 26 29 70% 7 4 28 30 7 4 31 9 4 32 9 4 9 3 29 30 10 3 30 9 4 11 5 32 9 4 31 32 9 3 10 5 33 29 29 60% 50% 40% 63 30% 64 62 61 59 58 57 58 55 57 52 20% 59 57 55 100% 90% 50% 7 18 16 50 54 52 60 23 23 25 23 7 22 21 6 12 24 10 9 14 11 6 15 4 10 6 12 8 9 19 16 51 54 22 19 59 52 54 52 47 61 52 [VALUE]48 26 30 54 30% 20% 04 20 19 20 18 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 20 10 20 09 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 4 5 9 13 40% 0% Fluctuates 18 7 60% 0% Low 9 70% 10% Medium 17 80% 10% High 10 21 17 20 27 22 32 32 28 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 80% 7 4 7 3 20 90% 6 4 7 3 20 % of those who commented 100% % of those who commented (A) Hydroponic cannabis High Medium Low Fluctuates Note. The response ‘Don’t know’ was excluded from analysis. Hydroponic and bush cannabis data collected separately from 2004 onwards. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Figure 26: Current perceived availability of hydroponic (a) and bush (b) cannabis, nationally, 2004 -2019 (B) Bush cannabis (A) Hydroponic cannabis 35 70% 35 10 9 42 37 44 8 9 42 8 7 38 39 7 40 7 9 40 40 37 8 43 8 38 100% 11 40 12 36 60% 50% 40% 30% 57 59 20% 51 52 45 48 54 55 52 53 51 55 49 54 49 52 90% 60% 23 19 21 17 25 26 21 19 22 21 19 35 48 36 40 38 46 43 46 42 45 38 40 37 47 43 27 29 34 33 37 37 41 30% 20% 35 43 28 27 26 38 41 33 35 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 20 10 20 09 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 30 24 40% 0% Very difficult 43 50% 0% Difficult 22 70% 10% Easy 19 80% 10% Very easy 19 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 80% 7 % of those who commented 6 8 90% 20 % of those who commented 100% Very easy Easy Difficult Very difficult Note. The response ‘Don’t know’ was excluded from analysis. * Hydroponic and bush cannabis data collected separately from 2004 onwards. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

180 180 160 140 120 44 49 29 50 30 52 28 49 30 49 31 52 32 46 27 50 25 51 26 46 26 48 24 46 24 41 19 39 37 42 100 37 80 60 17 16 16 Median Days 100 90 80 70 60 90 48 50 45 40 30 20 10 0 15 40 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 % IDRS participants Figure 27: Past six month use (prescribed and nonprescribed) and frequency of use of methadone, nationally, 2000 -2019 % Any Use % Non-Prescribed Use Median days (any) Note. Includes methadone syrup and tablets. Non-prescribed use not distinguished 2000 -2002. Median days computed among those who reported recent use (maximum 180 days). Median days rounded to the nearest whole number. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

% Any Use % Non-Prescribed Use 20 19 14 20 18 14 Median days (any) Note. Median days computed among those who reported recent use (maximum 180 days). Median days rounded to the nearest whole number. Y axis reduced to 60 days to improve visibility of trends. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019. Median Days 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 24 22 25 20 [VA 15 LUE 1410 10 10 ] 85 5 0 20 17 18 20 16 16 20 15 19 20 14 21 20 13 22 20 12 23 20 11 26 20 10 20 06 20 05 29 20 09 35 20 08 35 25 20 04 21 33 20 07 21 20 03 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 02 % IDRS participants Figure 28: Past six month use (prescribed and nonprescribed) and frequency of use of buprenorphine, nationally, 2002 -2019

60 56 35 40 30 14 8 14 3 17 8 9 22 12 23 13 22 13 26 14 24 14 25 15 26 17 19 11 24 [VALUE] 22 14 [VALUE] 12 20 Median Days 50 10 % Any Use % Non-Prescribed Use 20 19 20 18 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 20 10 20 09 20 08 0 20 07 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 06 % IDRS participants Figure 29: Past six month use (prescribed and nonprescribed) and frequency of use of buprenorphinenaloxone, nationally, 2006 -2019 Median days Note. From 2006 -2011 participants were asked about the use of buprenorphine-naloxone tablet; from 2012 -2015 participants were asked about the use of buprenorphine-naloxone tablet and film; from 2016 - 2019 participants were asked about the use of buprenorphine–naloxone film only. Median days computed among those who reported recent use (maximum 180 days). Median days rounded to the nearest whole number. Y axis reduced to 60 days to improve visibility of trends. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

180 160 140 120 43 50 47 49 44 52 53 50 100 47 49 47 44 46 43 43 80 40 42 39 38 38 37 35 35 31 60 28 2926 29 26 24 22 22 [VALUE]*40 14 24 15 Median days 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 % IDRS participants Figure 30: Past six month use (prescribed and nonprescribed) and frequency of use of morphine, nationally, 2001 -2019 % Any Use % Non-Prescribed Use Median days Note. Median days computed among those who reported recent use (maximum 180 days). Median days rounded to the nearest whole number. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

12 8 7 6 4 21 18 26 30 23 28 30 28 32 30 32 28 3632 39 35 36 32 33 29 25 21 2118 2017 6 4 1714 1815 2 % Any Use % Non-Prescribed Use 20 19 20 18 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 20 10 20 09 20 08 20 07 0 Median days (any) Note. From 2005 -2015 participants were asked about any oxycodone; from 2016 -2018, oxycodone was broken down into three types: tamper resistant (‘OP’), non-tamper proof (generic) and ‘other oxycodone’. Median days computed among those who reported recent use (maximum 180 days). Median days rounded to the nearest whole number. Y axis reduced to 12 days to improve visibility of trends. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019. Median Days 10 20 06 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 05 % IDRS participants Figure 31: Past six month use (prescribed and nonprescribed) and frequency of use of oxycodone, nationally, 2005 -2019

100 180 90 160 80 140 70 120 60 100 50 80 40 60 30 20 10 0 8 9 10 10 9 3 2014 2015 % Any Use 2016 2017 % Non-Prescribed Use 8 7 11 9 3 5 2018 Median days 40 Median Days % IDRS participants Figure 32: Past six month use (prescribed and nonprescribed) and frequency of use of fentanyl, nationally, 2013 -2019 20 0 2019 Note. Data on fentanyl use not collected from 2000 -2012, and data on any non-prescribed use not collected 2013 -2017. For the first time in 2018, use was captured as prescribed versus non-prescribed. Median days computed among those who reported recent use (maximum 180 days). Median days rounded to the nearest whole number. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

20 90 18 80 16 70 14 60 12 50 10 40 8 30 6 % IDRS Participants 100 20 10 11 10 7 2 4 10 13 Median Days Figure 33: Past six month non-prescribed use of fentanyl, by jurisdiction, 2019 4 2 0 0 NSW ACT VIC TAS % Non-Prescribed Use SA WA NT Median days (Non-Prescribed) QLD Note. Median days computed among those who reported recent use (maximum 180 days). Median days rounded to the nearest whole number. Y axis reduced to 20 days to improve visibility of trends. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Figure 34: Past six month use of low-dose codeine (for non-pain purposes), nationally, 2013 -2019 % IDRS participants 50 40 30 20 11 10 14 16 14 9 [VALUE] 1 2018 2019 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 % Any Use Note. Differences between 2018 and 2019, and previous years data should be viewed with caution due to differences in the way questions were asked in 2018 and 2019 (i. e. participants could only report use occurring in the last six months but prior to rescheduling in February 2018). Y axis reduced to 50 % to improve visibility of trends. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

% IDRS Participants Figure 35: Past six month use of codeine, by jurisdiction, 2018 and 2019 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 10 5 NSW 10 10 7 3 ACT 13 4 VIC 14 11 16 4 TAS SA WA 2018 2019 7 10 NT 10 8 9 4 QLD National Note. Differences between 2018 and 2019 should be viewed with caution due to differences in the way questions were asked in 2018 and 2019 (i. e. participants could only report use occurring in the last six months but prior to rescheduling in February 2018). Y axis reduced to 50% to improve visibility of trends. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

% IDRS Participants Figure 36: Past six month use of tramadol, nationally and by jurisdiction, 2019 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 34 26 18 16 7 National 2 8 NSW 10 3 4 5 ACT VIC 9 TAS % Non-Prescribed Use Note: Data labels not reported where n≤ 5. 15 SA % Any Use 22 13 WA 8 NT 13 4 QLD

% IDRS participants Figure 37: Past six month use of other drugs, nationally, 2000 -2019 100 92 80 68 [VALUE] 94 60 [VALUE] 59 46 40 18 20 15 17 1 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 0 30 18 11 9 3 Benzodiazepines Pharmaceutical stimulants Anti-psychotics Steroids Alcohol Tobacco 32 21 9 7 0 Note. Non-prescribed use is reported for prescription medicines (i. e. , benzodiazepines, anti-psychotics, and pharmaceutical stimulants). Participants were first asked about steroids in 2010, anti-psychotics in 2011 and e-cigarettes in 2014. Pharmaceutical stimulants were separated into prescribed and nonprescribed from 2006 onwards, and benzodiazepines were separated into prescribed and non-prescribed in 2007; *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Figure 38: Use of opioids, stimulants and benzodiazepines on the day preceding interview, nationally, 2018 -2019 Note. This figure captures those who had used stimulants, opioids and/or benzodiazepines on the day preceding interview (2018: 83%; 2019: 81%; n=729). The figure is not to scale.

Figure 39: Past 12 month non-fatal overdose, nationally, 2000 -2019 100 % IDRS participants 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 25 20 19 13 13 15 10 9 12 15 15 13 13 15 14 13 16 18 17 [VALUE]21 16 20 19 20 18 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 10 20 20 09 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 01 20 00 0 Note. Estimates from 2000 -2005 refer to heroin and morphine non-fatal overdose only. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

52 35 7 43 86 49 86 53 26 12 17 20 16 20 15 Note. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019. 85 58 57 [VALUE] 18 13 Heard of naloxone Trained in naloxone administration 85 32 [VALUE]*** [VALUE] 18 20 19 87 20 18 85 20 17 86 20 14 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 13 % IDRS participants Figure 40: Take-home naloxone program and distribution, nationally, 2013 -2019 Heard of take-home programs Heard of naloxone rescheduling

51 53 [VALUE]** 37 16 19 Lent needles Shared other equipment 20 18 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 20 10 20 09 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 Borrowed needles 20 19 11 11 8 9 [VALUE]*** 11 20 01 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 00 %IDRS participants Figure 41: Borrowing and lending of needles and sharing of injecting equipment in the past month, nationally, 2000 -2019 Re-used needle Note. Data collection for ‘reused own needle’ started in 2008. Borrowed (receptive): used a needle after someone else. Lent (distributive): somebody else used a needle after them. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

Attendance 16 33 29 28 29 31 20 19 15 20 18 28 14 20 17 34 14 20 16 25 12 20 15 34 11 20 14 38 12 20 13 31 18 20 12 29 14 20 11 33 11 20 10 27 20 09 32 14 13 20 08 32 11 7 20 07 11 20 06 13 20 05 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 04 % IDRS participants Figure 42: Self-reported mental health problems and treatment seeking in the past six months, nationally, 2004 -2019 No attendance Note. Stacked bar graph of % who self-reported a mental health problem, disaggregated by the percentage who reported attending a health professional versus the percentage who have not. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.

52 55 49 48 41 46 45 42 41 45 39 39 37 36 38 39 39 40 19 42 45 26 28 12 Property crime Drug dealing Fraud Violent crime 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 11 20 10 20 09 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 20 03 20 02 7 20 19 24 24 [VALUE]*** 4 5 3 20 18 54 20 01 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 00 % IDRS participants Figure 43: Self-reported criminal activity in the past month, nationally, 2000 -2019 Any crime Note. ‘Any crime’ comprises the percentage who report any property crime, drug dealing, fraud and/or violent crime in the past month. *p<0. 050; **p<0. 010; ***p<0. 001 for 2018 versus 2019.