National Decision Model Personal Safety Training LPD National

National Decision Model Personal Safety Training (L&PD)

National Decision Model Gather Information / Intelligence Take Action & Review What Happened Identify Options & Contingencies Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together Code of Ethics Assess Threat & Risk & Develop a Working Strategy Consider Powers & Policy 2

National Decision Model Code of Ethics Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 3

Code Of Ethics § The Code of Ethics sets out the principles and standards of behaviour that will promote, reinforce and support the highest standards from everyone who works in policing in England Wales. § You are not expected to know the Code of Ethics word for word. § You are expected to apply the intent of the Code to your decisions and ask yourself questions such as: Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 4

Code of Ethics § Is my decision in line with the principles and expected behaviors outlined in the Code of Ethics? § Will this action or decision reflect well on my professionalism and policing generally? § Would I be comfortable explaining this action or decision to my supervisor? § Would I be prepared to defend this action or decision in public? Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 5

Standards of Professional Behaviour Policing Principles 1. Accountability 1. Honesty & Integrity. 2. Fairness 2. Authority, Respect, Behaviour. 3. Honesty 3. Equality & Diversity. 4. Integrity 4. Use of Force. 5. Orders & Instructions. 5. Leadership 6. Duties & Responsibilities. 6. Objectivity 7. Confidentiality. 8. Fitness for Work. 9. Conduct. 7. Openness 8. Respect 9. Selflessness Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 10. Challenging & Reporting Improper Behaviour. 6

National Decision Model Gather Information / Intelligence Code of Ethics Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 7

Gather Information & Intelligence Consider; § What is happening ? § What do I know so far? § What further information / intelligence, do I need / is available ? § Where will I get the info / intel from ? Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 8

National Decision Model Gather Information / Intelligence Code of Ethics Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together Assess Threat & Risk & Develop a Working Strategy 9

Assess Threat & Risk & Develop a Working Strategy § Is it necessary for me to deal with the situation ? § Do I have the skills to deal with the situation ? § What are the risks involved ? § Are they acceptable / manageable ? Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 10

Assess Threat & Risk & Develop a Working Strategy Consider Every Person § Object § Place § Falls into one of two categories; High Risk § Unknown Risk § Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 11

Assess Threat & Risk & Develop a Working Strategy Profiled Subject Behaviour 1. 2. Compliance Subject offers no resistance & complies with all requests. Verbal resistance & gestures Subject refuses to comply either verbally Gesture or non -verbally by body language. 3. Passive resistance 4. 5. Subject stands / sits / lays down and will not move. Active resistance Subject pushes officer or pulls away but does not strike the officer. Aggressive resistance Subject physically attacks the officer with punches / kicks / bites etc of low injury potential. 6. Serious / aggravated Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together Subject punches / kicks / resistance / bites etc the officer with high injury potential or death and / or use weapons. 12

Assess Threat & Risk & Develop a Working Strategy Warning Signs Danger Signs What warning signs might you see to suggest someone is becoming aggressive? What danger signs might you see to suggest someone is about to become violent? • Reddening of the face • Pale face • Increased breathing • Lowering of body • Prolonged eye contact • Clenching/unclenching of fists • Exaggerated movements • Bladed/fighting stance • Nervous behaviour, pacing • Weapons seen • Standing tall • Movement towards you Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 13

National Decision Model Gather Information / Intelligence Code of Ethics Assess Threat & Risk & Develop a Working Strategy Consider Powers & Policy Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 14

Consider Powers & Policy Use of Force Powers § S 117 Police & Criminal Evidence Act 1984 § S 3 Criminal Law Act 1967 § Common Law Underpinning legislation: § Human Rights Act 1998 § Criminal Justice & Immigration Act 2008 Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 15

National Decision Model Gather Information / Intelligence Code of Ethics Identify Options & Contingencies Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together Assess Threat & Risk & Develop a Working Strategy Consider Powers & Policy 16

Identify Options & Contingencies (Tactical Options) § What options are open to me ? Consider the immediacy of any threat, the limits of information to hand, the amount of time available, available resources and support, your own knowledge, experience and skills, the impact of potential actions on the situation and the public. If you have to account for your decision, will you be able to say it was: • Proportionate, legitimate and necessary? • Reasonable in the circumstances facing you at the time? § What is my plan B ? What will I do if things do not happen as I anticipate? Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 17

Identify Options & Contingencies (Tactical Options) Tactical Options The tactical option chosen must be proportionate to the threat faced in any set of circumstances. A tactical option is any course of action, or inaction that an individual may choose in response to a situation. Options include: • Adoption of a proper ready stance • Approaching or withdrawing • Communication • Exercising powers • Gathering evidence • Issuing of orders • Liaison with other agencies • Observation • Use of empty hand skills • A combination of options • This list is not exhaustive. Please note that a decision to use a tactical option will need to be accounted for, as will other options considered but not chosen. Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 18

Identify Options & Contingencies (Tactical Options) In any communication: • 7% of the message is understood by the spoken word • 38% by the tone, speed, pitch, volume of the voice • 55% from body language Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 19

Five-Step Communication Model Step 1 Simple Appeal - ASK Ask the individual to comply with the officer’s request. Some members of the public will respond to a direct request from a police officer. Step 2. Reasoned Appeal – TELL THEM WHY Explain why the request has been made, what law if any has been broken, and what conduct has caused the request. Step 3. Personal Appeal – GIVE OPTIONS This may remind the individual that they may be jeopardising values that are high priorities to them. Officers may need to think for the individual, and create and present certain options for them. Step 4. Final Appeal - CONFIRM “Is there anything I can reasonably say to make you co-operate with me/us? ” Step 5. Action- ACT Reasonable force may be the only option left in a case of continued resistance. The option that the officer may choose will be based upon the threat they perceive. It may also be necessary to record the events. Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 20

LEAPS • LEAPS is a simple mnemonic that offers a flexible and structured approach to communicating not only in confrontational situations, but in all situations. Through practice officers can become experienced in using the model, so when facing a conflict situation, use of the principles may reduce their anxiety. • • • Listen Empathise Ask Paraphrase Summarise Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 21

National Decision Model Gather Information / Intelligence Take Action & Review What Happened Identify Options & Contingencies Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together Code of Ethics Assess Threat & Risk & Develop a Working Strategy Consider Powers & Policy 22

Take Action & Review what Happened § Deal with the situation, using the option(s) you have selected. § Account for your actions / inactions § What went well for you ? § What didn't go well for you ? § What would you do differently ? Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 23

National Decision Model Gather Information / Intelligence Take Action & Review What Happened Identify Options & Contingencies Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together Code of Ethics Assess Threat & Risk & Develop a Working Strategy Consider Powers & Policy 24

Any Questions? Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 25

Use of Force

What Is Force? § Strength § Power § Energy In it’s widest sense it also includes influence effectiveness and anything that tends to produce an effect on the mind or will. Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 27

What Is Violence? § Violence may be regarded as “Force” but with a lack of; § Self Restraint § Self Control Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 28

Use of Force is unlawful unless Justified Remember… You may subsequently be called to defend and justify your actions or inaction and to prove they were reasonable. Failure to do so may result in criminal, civil and/or disciplinary proceedings. Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 29

Use of Force Powers § S 117 P. A. C. E. 1984 § S 3 Criminal Law Act 1967 § Common Law § Human Rights Act 1998 ? Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 30

Section 117 Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 Where any provisionofofthisact confers a power on a constable and does not provide that the power may only be exercised with the consentofofsome person some other than otherathan police a police officer the officer may use reasonableforceif if necessary, ininthe necessary, theexerciseofofthe thepower. Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 31

Section 3 Criminal Law Act 1967 A personmay mayuse usesuchforceas asisis reasonable ininthe reasonable thecircumstances in in thethe prevention ofofcrime prevention crimeoror inin the effecting ororassisting effecting assisting in in the lawful arrest of offenders or of suspectedoroffenders or offenders persons unlawfully suspected offenders ator large. persons unlawfully at large. Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 32

Common Law Self Defence Any person may use force to defend Any person or may use force to defend themselves another if they have an themselves or another they have danger an honestly held belief ofif imminent honestly danger and suchheld forcebelief mustofbeimminent reasonable and such force must be reasonable and necessary. May include pre-emptive force, preventing a breach of the peace and protection of property. Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 33

Section 76 Criminal Justice & Immigration Act 2008 Self defence Defence of property Actions under Section 3 CLA 1967 REASONABLENESS is based on the CIRCUMSTANCES AS THEY WERE BELIEVED TO BE Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 34

Section 76 Criminal Justice & Immigration Act 2008 GENUINELY HELD BELIEF OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES Or A MISTAKEN BUT GENUINELY HELD BELIEF CAN BE RELIED UPON (a) that a person acting for a legitimate purpose may not be able to weigh to a nicety the exact measure of any necessary action; and (b) that evidence of a person's having only done what the person honestly and instinctively thought was necessary for a legitimate purpose constitutes strong evidence that only reasonable action was taken by that person for that purpose. PROPORTIONALITY & NECESSITY OF ANY USE OF FORCE IS VITAL (S 76(6), (6 A), (7) Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 35

Principles § The Overriding Principles in the Lawful use of Force is it Must be; § REASONABLE § NECESSARY § JUSTIFIABLE Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 37

Human Rights Act 1998 § Proportionate; All actions must be fair and achieve a balance between the needs of society and the rights of the individual. Consider options and select the least intrusive. § Legal; Actions must be supported by legislation or stated cases. § Accountable; Actions will be open to scrutiny. Fully record your actions and options considered. Show factors that influenced your decisions, including those reasons for not taking action. § Necessary; Actions must be “necessary in a democratic society”. You must be able to justify any infringement of rights Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 38

Use of force powers - Summary § In defence of self / others includes property. • To stop / prevent a B. O. P. • Prevent crime / effect arrest • Implement P. A. C. E. power Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 39

Use of Force is unlawful unless Justified Remember… You may subsequently be called to defend and justify your actions or inaction and to prove they were reasonable. Failure to do so may result in criminal, civil and/or disciplinary proceedings. Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 40

Which 'Use of Force' Power and Why? A police officer is arresting a suspect for a serious assault. Whilst applying the handcuffs the suspects escapes. The officer shouts, "Stand still!", gives chase and rugby tackles the suspect to the floor. He then restrains him and applies handcuffs. Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 42

Which 'Use of Force' Power and Why? A gaoler is escorting a prisoner through a cell block. At the entrance to the cell, the prisoner turns to face the gaoler, grabs her with one hand with a clenched fist draws his other arm back. The gaoler shouts "Get Back!" as she strikes the prisoner with her elbow and moves away. Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 43

Which 'Use of Force' Power and Why? A man catches a youth burgling his house and makes a 'citizen's arrest'. The man is fifty years old and in good health. He holds the youth in an arm lock he learned in the armed forces until a police officer arrives. Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 44

Any Questions? Surrey & Sussex – Policing Together 45