National 5 Cell Biology Genetic Engineering We are

National 5 Cell Biology Genetic Engineering

We are learning to: • State what is meant by genetic engineering • Identify the order of the stages of genetic engineering • Describe the stages of genetic engineering • Give examples of uses of genetic engineering

What I'm looking for: • A sentence describing genetic engineering • Labelled diagram showing the stages involved in genetic engineering • Description of what happens at each stage of genetic engineering • 2 examples of a medicine produced using this method

Psst! Hey kid! Wanna be a superbug? Stick some of this in your genome…. Even penicillin wont be able to harm you! It was on a short-cut through the hospital kitchens that Albert was first approached by a member of the Antibiotic Resistance

Changing the genetic code Bacteria are often genetically engineered to produce useful chemicals because their DNA is loose in the cytoplasm, making it easy to modify. They also grow and replicate quickly. loose strand of main DNA plasmid – small ring of additional DNA A new gene can be inserted into the plasmid and the bacteria then produce the protein for which the gene codes. 6 of 50 © Boardworks Ltd 2007

Using viruses A virus cannot read its own genes but it can make a host cell copy them and make the proteins. protein coat genetic material This virus is a bacteriophage. It infects bacteria by injecting its genetic material down a special tube. Why are viruses useful in genetic engineering? 7 of 50 injection tube © Boardworks Ltd 2007

Producing insulin with bacteria 8 of 50 © Boardworks Ltd 2007

Human cell Chromosome Gene Bacterial cell Plasmid

Stage Description 1 Gene is located on the human chromosome 2 Gene is removed from the chromosome using enzymes Plasmid removed from bacterial cell and cut open Gene is inserted into plasmid 3 4 5 6 Plasmid is inserted into bacterial cell to create a GM organism Bacterial cells multiply and produce product

I can: • State what is meant by genetic engineering • Identify the order of the stages of genetic engineering • Describe the stages of genetic engineering • Give examples of uses of genetic engineering