Nation Building PSIR 406 Germany Iraq Germany Prior

Nation Building PSIR 406

Germany/ Iraq

Germany • Prior to the rise of the Nazi Party Germany was a democracy • 1933 Hitler elected democratically • 1934 Hitler takes full power • 1941 – 45 World War II • German defeat: Occupation and De. Nazification • Germany Divided: East and West • 1990 Unification

Territorial Loss After WWII

Occupation

De. Nazification • Policy to eradicate all elements of Nazi culture, press, economy, judiciary, and politics • 1943 – 1951 • Unpopular and opposed by the W. German Govt • Proved to be overly ambitious • Morgenthau Plan

• V. Persons Exonerated - No sanctions. • IV. Followers - restrictions on travel, employment, political rights, fines. • III. Lesser Offenders - Probation for 2– 3 years with a list of restrictions. • II. Offenders: Activists, Militants, and Profiteers, or Incriminated Persons - arrest and imprisonment up to ten years performing reparation or reconstruction work • I. Major Offenders - arrest, death, imprisonment with or without hard labour

Berlin Wall

Re-Unification 1990 • Removal of the border fence along the German Austrian border. • 1000’s of E. Germans fled to the West • “Peaceful Revolution” led to elections in East Germany

Iraq • Composed of three former Ottoman Vilayets: Mosul, Baghdad, Basra • 1932 Independence: British impose Monarchy • 1958 July Revolution: Ba’athist in Power • 2003: US invasion topples the Regime • Occupation and De -Ba’thification

• Elections • 1995 – 99. 96% Saddam • 2002 – 100% Saddam

Opposition to Ba’thist Rule • • • Kurdish Democratic Party Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Iraqi Communist Party Da’awa Party (Tehran) Umma Party (London) 1991 Uprising

Structure of Iraqi Government

Elections • 2005 Parliamentary Elections: United Iraqi Alliance 48% (Shi’ite) Low Sunni voter turnout • Increasingly low voter turnout

Government of Nouri al Maliki

• PM Ibrahim al Jaafari, failed government • Al Malaki supported by CIA as replacement • His tenure proved contentious, stoking sectarian tensions and Sunni resentment • Anbar Awakening • Eventually pressured by Iran to step down

• Iraqi politics is heavily sectarian • Low voter turnout implies a lack of faith in the system • The rise of ISIS will only contribute to these concerns

• Democracy is easier to impose when there is previous experience • Nation-building is easier to achieve in homogenous societies • Each democracy and nation are unique requiring differing processes