Nasser 1 Colleen Mainger The Things I Do

Nasser 1 Colleen Mainger, The Things I Do For This Class, (Aurora, Self Published, 2014) 1

• 1919 Zaghlul & Wafd Party attend Paris Peace Conference to demand self-determination for Egypt/freedom from Britain – largely ignored by Allies 2 • 1922/23 Britain releases Egypt from Protectorate and they write a constitution where Britain still has rights over Suez Canal & foreign affairs • 1936 King Faud dies, King Farouk takes over; Anglo. Egyptian Treaty signed which reduces Britain's presence to the Suez Canal only (initially popular) 3 • 1939—WWII Egypt remains neutral but controlled & used by Allied Britain Summary of Nasser’s Rise 2 https: //ia 600404. us. archive. org/35/items/cu 31924027900921. pdf 3 Arthur Goldschmidt, A Concise History of the Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 2002), p. 249.

• 1942 Feb. 4 Incident—Britain forces Egypt to promote the Wafd Party back to leadership • 1948 War loss to Israel, plus economic problems, plus British presence in Suez area creates tension, anxiety to be free • 1951 Wafd Party ends Anglo-Egyptian treaty, British refuse to negotiate • 1952 Free Officers, including Nasser, take over government creating the Revolutionary Command Council • 1954 Nasser becomes President of Egypt 4 Summary of Nasser’s Rise 4 Mariam Habibi, History of Europe and the Middle East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 314 -317.

• Born 1918, raised in the time of Egypt’s protectorate status; participated in anti-British demonstrations in the 30 s • Young soldier in the 1948 war, fought in the Negev, blamed King Farouk & current government for the loss 5 • Nasser was one of the Free Officers who helped overthrow the King in 1952 • Muhammad Naguib elected as President—popular war hero 6 and older-give more legitimacy to the revolution? 7 • Nasser as VP • Considered a military coup, often called the 1952 Revolution* • *What constitutes a revolution? Gamal Abdel Nasser 5 Habibi, Mariam, History of Europe and the Middle East p. 317. 6 “Free Officer Coup in Egypt 1952” http: //www. onwar. com/aced/data/echo/egypt 1952 b. htm 7 http: //news. egypt. com/en/egyptian-revolution-of-1952. html

• U. S. goals in 1952 revolved around containing communism, including stabilizing weak countries susceptible to socialist ideals • Egypt was beholden to Britain, and angry at Israel • If the US put someone compliant in charge of Egypt they would have an Arab/Middle East ally • The US also wanted to end British colonial interests and oil dominance in the region, and enter it themselves 8 • CIA operatives met with Nasser in 1952 to discuss the coup of King Farouk; mostly let the coup happen 9 • Money was involved; Nasser had access to millions of $US 10 Did the CIA help in 1952? 8 http: //www. khilafah. com/index. php/news-watch/middle-east/16906 -the-cia-said-find-an-islamic-billy-graham 9 http: //www. surrenderingislam. com/essential-reading/1951 -1953 -egypt-nasser-moslem-billy-graham 10 I read it somewhere but now I can’t find it. Don’t judge.

• By 1954 Nasser had moved Naguib from power and outlawed all opposing political parties • Muslim Brotherhood attempted an assassination (staged? )11 which solidified people’s love for Nasser • “They can kill Nasser but another will take his place! The revolution will live on!” 12 Final Moves 11 http: //www. khilafah. com/index. php/news-watch/middle-east/16906 -the-cia-said-find-an-islamic-billy-graham 12 Michael Oren, Six Days of War (USA: Presidio Press, 2003), p. 9

Cornell Library. “Egyptian Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference” Accessed January 18, 2014. https: //ia 600404. us. archive. org/35/items/cu 31924027900921. pdf Egypt News. “Egyptian Revolution of 1952”, Accessed January 17, 2014. http: //news. egypt. com/en/egyptian-revolution -of-1952. html Goldschmidt, Arthur. A Concise History of the Middle East, Boulder: Westview Press, 2002, p. 249. Habibi, Mariam. History of Europe and the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 314 -317. Khilafah. Accessed January 15, 2014. http: //www. khilafah. com/index. php/news-watch/middle-east/16906 -the-cia-saidfind-an-islamic-billy-graham Mainger, Colleen, The Things I Do For This Class, Aurora, Self Published, 2014. On War. “Free Officer Coup in Egypt 1952” http: //www. onwar. com/aced/data/echo/egypt 1952 b. htm Oren, Michael. Six Days of War. USA: Presidio Press, 2003 p. 9. Surrendering Islam. “Find a Muslim Billy Graham”. Accessed January 20, 2014. http: //www. surrenderingislam. com/essential-reading/1951 -1953 -egypt-nasser-moslem-billy-graham Works Cited

• Half the class will determine the long-term causes, half will determine the short-term causes. Long- & Short-term Causes