Narrowing the Uncertainty in Aerosol Radiative Forcing by
Narrowing the Uncertainty in Aerosol Radiative Forcing by Combining Suborbital and Satellite Measurements in Interagency/International Field Programs Phil Russell, NASA Ames Research Center Department of Energy Atmospheric Science Program Annual Science Team Meeting Annapolis MD 25 -27 February 2008
Structure of Talk Past Future d. RF AR 4 P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Structure of Talk STARS, 1975 TARFOX, 1996 ACE-2, 1996 INTEX-B 2006 SAFARI 2000 ACE-Asia, 2001 TAR INTEX-A, 2004 DC 8 ARCTAS-ISDAC 2008 C-130 B 200 AR 4 J 31 P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
A Chain of Field Experiments Measuring Aerosols & Their Effects on Atmospheric Radiation TARFOX PRi. DE ACE-2 1996 Models frozen SAFARI 1998 ICARTT MILAGRO INTEX POLARCAT AIOP CLAMS -A -B ARCTAS EVE ADAM ISDAC ACE-Asia 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 TAR AR 4 Simulations Models complete frozen Published Simulations complete Published P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
IPCC Definitions 1996: What is Radiative Forcing? A change in average net radiation at the top of the troposphere…. [It] perturbs the balance between incoming and outgoing radiation. 2007 (AR 4): [unmodified] Radiative Forcing (RF) - D 1750 to 2005 [for aer Anthro] - Global average - Tropopause or TOA Direct Radiative Effect (DRE) - Current, any aerosol - TOA, surface, within atmos, … P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
IPCC (2001) © Crown copyright 2004 (TAR) Page 6
IPCC 2007: We’ve turned it on it’s side. Why? © Crown copyright 2004 [Haywood & Schulz, Page 7 Kaufman Symposium]
IPCC TAR: Mean = 0. 36 Wm-2 Median = 0. 64 Wm-2 P(RF<0) = 28. 4% The main reason for better quantification: 1) aerosol direct effect, 2) aerosol indirect effect © Crown copyright 2004 IPCC AR 4: Mean = 1. 47 Wm-2 Median = 1. 50 Wm-2 P(RF<0) = 0. 4% Haywood and Schulz , Page 8 GRL 2007
Does this smaller d. RF reflect this tapestry of field programs? STARS, 1975 TARFOX, 1996 ACE-2, 1996 INTEX-B 2006 SAFARI 2000 ACE-Asia, 2001 TAR INTEX-A, 2004 DC 8 ARCTAS-ISDAC 2008 C-130 B 200 AR 4 J 31 P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
D 1750 to 2005 [for aer Anthro] - Global average - Tropopause or TOA IPCC WG 1, 2007 [AR 4] Figure 2. 13
MODIS-Terra AOD (0. 55 mm) Figure 2. 11 AERONET sites Lidar network sites: EARLINET ADNET MPLNET
Figure 2. 13 D 1750 to 2005 [for aer Anthro] - Global average - Tropopause or TOA IPCC WG 1, 2007 [AR 4] P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
What, then, is the role of field programs (like TARFOX, …, ARCTAS-ISDAC) in reducing the uncertainty in Aerosol Radiative Forcing? Improving satellite retrieval algorithms & models by: 1. 2. 3. 4. Testing satellite data products (validation) Determining actual aerosol properties Determining the processes leading to #2 Measuring aerosol radiative effects & testing closure between measured radiation & aerosol optical & physiochemical properties 5. Testing models P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Ghan & Schwartz, BAMS 2007 P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Ghan & Schwartz, BAMS 2007: Table 1. Stages of research and model development necessary to examine aerosol influences on climate. Stage Activity Outcome 1) Conduct process research: Field and laboratory studies Improved understanding of processes 2) Develop 0 -D models (modules) representing processes; comparison with process research studies Modules: Model based representation of understanding 3) Incorporate modules describing aerosol processes in regional to global aerosol models. Production runs. Assessment of accuracy of aerosol models Evaluated aerosol model incorporating processes 4) Incorporate representation of aerosol processes in climate model; production runs; comparison with observations Climate relevant runs; assessment of skill of climate model against present and/or prior climate These 0 -D models (modules) are also used, refined, & often developed in the analysis of field program data. They get incorporated, not just into climate models, But also into satellite retrieval algorithms. P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
What is the role of field programs in reducing the uncertainty in Aerosol Radiative Forcing? Improving satellite retrieval algorithms & models by: 1. 2. 3. 4. Testing satellite data products (validation) Determining actual aerosol properties Determining the processes leading to #2 Measuring aerosol radiative effects & testing closure between measured radiation & aerosol optical & physiochemical properties 5. Testing models P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
TARFOX, 1996 Aerosol Optical Depth Derived from Upward Scattered Solar Radiance AVHRR/NOAA 11, June-Aug. , Husar et al. , J. Geophys. Res. , 102, 16, 889, 1997.
TARFOX as a Stepping Stone to the State of the Art STARS 1975 TARFOX 1996 INTEX-B 2006 DC-8 C-130 B 200 Kaufman Symposium 30 May-1 June 2007 Greenbelt, MD J 31
24 -hr avg. Da. F¯ (W m-2) TARFOX-measured and calculated aerosol-induced changes in radiant flux (Da. Flux↓) vs AOD We found the predicted flux changes! Aerosol Optical Depth (300 -700 nm) above Measurement Hignett et al. , JGR 1999; Russell et al. , JGR 1999 (TARFOX issue)
A Chain of Field Experiments Measuring Aerosols & Their Effects on Atmospheric Radiation TARFOX PRi. DE ACE-2 1996 Models frozen Radiative flux closure & forcing efficiency SAFARI 1998 ICARTT MILAGRO INTEX POLARCAT AIOP CLAMS -A -B ARCTAS EVE ADAM ISDAC ACE-Asia 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 TAR AR 4 Simulations Models complete frozen Published Simulations complete Published Radiative flux(l) closure & forcing efficiency(l) P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
J 31 in INTEX-A/ICARTT: Payload Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS) Position & Orientation System (POS) Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) Met Sensors & Nav/Met Data System
Climate Change Science in INTEX-A/ICARTT Jetstream 31 (J 31) Slope = Aerosol Radiative Forcing Efficiency Case 2, 21 Jul 2004 Aerosol Amount, AOD(499 nm) Forcing Efficiency [W m-2] Solar energy [W m-2] Measurements of Aerosol Effects on the Solar Energy that Drives Climate Case Redemann et al. , JGR, 2006 Scientific Conclusions 1. The gradients (spatial variations) in AOD that occur frequently off the US East coast provide a natural laboratory for studying effects of aerosol particles on solar energy, and hence on climate. 2. For the average aerosol optical depth of ~0. 5 in the 10 cases shown above, aerosols on average reduced the incident visible radiation (near midday) by the amount of energy it would take to power one 40 W light bulb for every square meter of ocean surface (0. 5 x -80 W m-2 = -40 W m-2; see right frame above). J. Redemann, P. Pilewskie, P. Russell. NASA Ames & U. Colorado
What is the role of field programs in reducing the uncertainty in Aerosol Radiative Forcing? Improving satellite retrieval algorithms & models by: 1. Testing satellite data products (validation) 2. Determining actual aerosol properties 3. Determining the processes leading to #2 4. Measuring aerosol radiative effects & testing closure between measured radiation & aerosol optical & physiochemical properties 5. Testing models P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
STARS 1975 TARFOX 1996 INTEX-B 2006 DC-8 C-130 B 200 Kaufman Symposium 30 May-1 June 2007 Greenbelt, MD J 31
24 -hr avg. Da. F¯ (W m-2) Using measured Da. Flux vs AOD to find best-fit aerosol SSA, w(550 nm) Aerosol Optical Depth (300 -700 nm) above Measurement Hignett et al. , JGR 1999; Russell et al. , JGR 1999 (TARFOX issue)
Comparison of Techniques to Determine Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo Russell et al. , JGR, 1999 b, Bergstrom & Russell, GRL, 1999
P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Comparison of Aerosol Single Scattering Albedos Derived by Diverse Techniques [Russell et al. , JAS 2001] Redemann et al. , JGR, 2000 b P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
A Chain of Field Experiments Measuring Aerosols & Their Effects on Atmospheric Radiation TARFOX PRi. DE ACE-2 1996 SSA from radiative flux closure SAFARI 1998 ICARTT MILAGRO INTEX POLARCAT AIOP CLAMS -A -B ARCTAS EVE ADAM ISDAC ACE-Asia 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 SSA(l) from radiative flux closure P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Background on Radiative Flux Divergence & Closure, Absorption Spectra, etc. Downwelling Flux: F 2000 m Upwelling Flux: F Net Flux: F - F Flux Divergence (absorption): (F - F )2000 m- (F - F )43 m Fractional absorption: [(F - F )2000 m- (F - F )43 m]/ F 2000 m 43 m P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Pilewskie, Bergstrom, Schmid et al. P. Russell, Earth Science Seminar, NASA Ames, 19 July 2007
Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo Spectrum Derived from measured flux and AOD spectra. Single scattering albedo Desirable features: Describes aerosol in its ambient state (incl volatiles like water, organics, nitrates) Wide l range: UV-Vis. SWIR Includes l range of OMIUV, OMI-MW, MISR, MODIS, CALIPSO, HSRL, Glory ASP, RSP, POLDER, … 12 April 2001, ACE-Asia Wavelength, nm Coalbedo (1 -SSA) varies by factor 4, l = 350900 nm [Bergstrom, Pilewskie, Schmid et al. , JGR 2004] P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Single Scattering Albedo SSA Spectra from 4 Experiments Wavelength, nm Bergstrom et al. , ACP, 2007 P. Russell, Earth Science Seminar, NASA Ames, 19 July 2007
Aerosol Absorption Optical Depth (AAOD) Spectra from 5 Experiments AAOD = K l-AAE Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE) For Black Carbon, AAE = 1 Absorption Optical Depth AAE = 1. 45 2. 27 1. 05 2. 34 1. 12 Wavelength, nm Bergstrom et al. , ACP, 2007 P. Russell, Earth Science Seminar, NASA Ames, 19 July 2007
A Chain of Field Experiments Measuring Aerosols & Their Effects on Atmospheric Radiation TARFOX PRi. DE ACE-2 1996 SSA from radiative flux closure SAFARI 1998 ICARTT MILAGRO INTEX POLARCAT AIOP CLAMS -A -B ARCTAS EVE ADAM ISDAC ACE-Asia 2000 SSA(l) from radiative flux closure 2002 2004 SSA(l) from radiative flux closure 2006 2008 SSA(l) from in situ P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Pollution Shortwave Enhancement due to dust Expected value for pure BC Organic fraction of { Trend due to OC mass fraction Scattering Angstrom Exponent Absorption Angstrom Exponent Wavelength dependence of absorption over Mexico is linked to both the organic carbon component (AMS - J, Jimenez, P. De. Carlo) and dust. Model and remote sensing implications for SSA etc. Aerosol Optics Dust Shinozuka, non-refractory mass P. Russell, Earth Science Seminar, NASA July 2007 Clarke et. Ames, al. , 192007
Additional MILAGRO evidence of enhanced absorption in UV and near-UV: 0 derived from ground -based MFRSR & spectroradiometer measurements Jim Barnard, PNNL Rainer Volkamer, UCSD
¡Sí! [Barnard & Volkamer, MAX-MEX]
MILAGRO Breakout Group on Aerosol Optical Properties & Radiative Effects Major findings (nuggets): Delayed scattering at Picos Tres Padres indicates secondary organic aerosol formation (Mazzoleni, Dubey) -Mechanism developed by simultaneous measurements and modeling of gas-phase precursors (Herndon et al) Average SSA of surface aerosol at the surface in Mexico City Valley surveyed extensively by the Aerodyne-LAPA is ~0. 7 (absorbing), consistent with fresh soot (SSA~0. 3) coated by scattering organics (Mazzoleni, Dubey)
A Chain of Field Experiments Measuring Aerosols & Their Effects on Atmospheric Radiation TARFOX PRi. DE ACE-2 1996 Chemical apportionment of AOD (opticalchemical closure) Importance of organics SAFARI 1998 ICARTT MILAGRO INTEX POLARCAT AIOP CLAMS -A -B ARCTAS ADAM EVE ISDAC ACE-Asia 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Sizeresolved chemical apportionment of AOD Importance of organics to submicron AOD P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Importance of organics in ACE-Asia: Size-resolved composition 23 Apr 2001 [Wang et al. , JGR 2002] P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Extinction closure from DOE-ARM AIOP P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Comparison of Cadenza and Neph+PSAP Extinction 26 vertical profiles, May 2003 [Schmid, …, Strawa et al. , JGR 2006] P. Russell, Earth Science Seminar, NASA Ames, 19 July 2007
Comparison of Cadenza and AATS-14 Extinction profiles 27 May 2003 [Strawa et al. , JGR 2006] P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
What is the role of field programs in reducing the uncertainty in Aerosol Radiative Forcing? Improving satellite retrieval algorithms & models by: 1. Testing satellite data products (validation) 2. Determining actual aerosol properties 3. Determining the processes leading to #2 4. Measuring aerosol radiative effects & testing closure between measured radiation & aerosol optical & physiochemical properties 5. Testing models P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb
Airborne Sunphotometer-Satellite* Comparisons TARFOX PRi. DE ACE-2 ACE-Asia SAFARI CLAMS ADAM 1996 1998 2000 2002 ICARTT MILAGRO INTEX POLARCAT -A -B ARCTAS EVE ISDAC 2004 2006 2008 Satellite Instruments Compared To AATS AODs • ATSR-2 • MISR • OMI • AVHRR • MAS# • RSP# • GMS-5 • MODIS-Aqua • Sea. Wi. FS • GOES-8 • MODIS-Terra • TOMS ~25 journal pubs *Nadir-viewing #Airborne Simulator of Satellite Instrument P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
AATS-14 NASA Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometers (AATS-6 & AATS-14) AATS-6 P. Russell, Earth Science Seminar, NASA Ames, 19 July 2007
Airborne Sunphotometer-Satellite Comparisons Over Ocean TARFOX PRi. DE ACE-2 ACE-Asia SAFARI CLAMS ADAM 1996 Tests of 2 Angle Space AOD Meas Tests of MODIS Glint Limits 1998 Tests of AVHRR AOD 2000 First Tests of MODIS Dust Meas Over Water 2002 First Tests of Sea. Wi. FS AOD 4 -l Algorithm Tests of MISR AOD over Water Yield Tests of Geostationary Calib. (GOES & GMS-5) AOD Change ICARTT MILAGRO INTEX POLARCAT -A -B ARCTAS EVE ISDAC 2004 First Tests of MODIS AOD at 2 Longest l Over Water First 3 -Way Comparison: MODISMISR-AATS 2006 2008 Tests of OMI UV AOD Over Water P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
The A-Train is a set of satellites that fly in sequence Flying J 31 under the A-Train provides opportunity to compare AODs from AATS, MODIS, & OMI
Coordinated satellite, in-situ and radiative measurements in MILAGRO OMI/Aura CALIPSO POLDER/Parasol Cloud. Sat MODIS/Aqua B 200 DC-8 C-130 J 31 GLORY MISR, MODIS/Terra
Comparison of Aerosol Optical Depth Spectra from OMI on Aura, MODIS on Aqua, & AATS Sunphotometer on J-31 17 Mar 2006 INTEX-B UV Preliminary Livingston, Redemann, Torres, …
Comparison of Aerosol Optical Depth Spectra from OMI on Aura, MODIS on Aqua, & AATS Sunphotometer on J-31 17 Mar 2006 INTEX-B Preliminary Livingston, Redemann, Veefkind, Veihelmann
Potential reasons for discrepancies · Cloud contamination in larger OMI grid cells —but MODIS sees no clouds · SSA spectra in OMI retrieval algorithm · OMI radiances P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
UV Collection 003; MW Collection 003 nominal (Jan 08) Collection 3: New OMI Radiances
UV Collection 003; MW Collection 003 no. BBor. DD (Jan 08) Collection 3: New OMI Radiances Sensitivity Study: Bio. Burn & Desert. Dust Models deleted from MW algorithm
Bottom line (so far) on the OMI-AATS-MODIS comparisons AATS team & 2 OMI teams have done a lot of work to understand the discrepancies and we still don’t have a satisfying answer Bigger picture • Validation of satellite data products, especially from newer sensors, continues to be important & challenging. • This will always be the case. • The OMI-MODIS differences shown here, if present in the global AOD products, would make a huge difference in derived aerosol radiative forcing P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
What is the role of field programs in reducing the uncertainty in Aerosol Radiative Forcing? Improving satellite retrieval algorithms & models by: 1. 2. 3. 4. Testing satellite data products (validation) Determining actual aerosol properties Determining the processes leading to #2 Measuring aerosol radiative effects & testing closure between measured radiation & aerosol optical & physiochemical properties 5. Testing models P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb
Comparisons of Aerosol extinction vertical distributions over the SGP site in AIOP: airborne sunphotometry (AATS-14, blue), groundbased MPLNET (red) and modeled with the MATCH/CARMA aerosol transport/process model (orange). [Schmid et al. , 2004] P. Russell, 11/24/2020 9: 12: 54 PM 58
Comparisons of AOD vertical distributions: AATS-14 measurements vs GOCART model P. Russell, 11/24/2020 9: 12: 56 PM 59 [Redemann, Chin et al. ] Summer 2004 Planning Meeting, Durham, NH , April 2003
Field study contributions to understanding aerosol indirect effects: · The largest remaining uncertainties in aerosol effects on climate concern aerosolcloud interactions · Future field studies will increasingly emphasize these interactions
Remote sensing of aerosols at the aerosol-cloud boundary Cloud brightening Cloud shadowing Nikolaeva et al. , JQSRT, 2005 AMS, San Antonio, January 2007 see also, Wen et al. , Marshak et al.
[Redemann et al. , 2006] AMS, San Antonio, January 2007
[Redemann et al. , 2006] AMS, San Antonio, January 2007
Remote sensing of aerosols at the aerosol-cloud boundary Cloud brightening Cloud shadowing Nikolaeva et al. , JQSRT, 2005 AMS, San Antonio, January 2007 see also, Wen et al. , Marshak et al.
Possible ARCTAS-ISDAC flight module: Partly cloudy Science objectives P-3 instruments involved Coord with instruments on other aircraft Coordination with satellite instruments -Study AOD in vicinity of clouds (aerosol-cloud sep. ) -Aerosol indirect effect -Compare RSP+SSFR cloud retrievals with in-cloud meas AATS, SSFR, Hi. GEAR, AERO 3 X B-200: HSRL+RSP CV-580: In situ CALIPSO: CALIOP Aqua: MODIS PARASOL: POLDER Aura: OMI, TES CV-580 role: withincloud measurements + aerosol measurements below & beside cloud
Possible ARCTAS-ISDAC flight module: Cloudy Science objectives P-3 instruments involved Coordination with instruments on other aircraft Coordination with satellite-instruments -Compare RSP+SSFR cloud retrievals with in-cloud measurements -Aerosol above clouds AATS, SSFR, BBR, Hi. GEAR, AERO 3 X, CAR B-200: HSRL+RSP CV-580: In situ Aqua: MODIS PARASOL: POLDER Aura: OMI, TES CV-580 role: withincloud measurements + aerosol measurements below cloud
Messages: 1. Measurements improve models (processes & properties) 2. Instruments enable measurements 3. All 3 (instruments, measurements & models) need to improve continually Ghan & Schwartz, BAMS 2007 P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Table 4. Advanced techniques for characterization of properties of aerosols, precursor gases, and other key quantities Property Instrument/technique (reference) H 2 SO 4 gas concentration CIMS: Eisele and Berresheim (1992) NH 3 gas concentration CIMS: Nowak et al. (2002), Fehsenfeld et al. (2002) OH gas concentration Laser induced fluorescence: Martinez et al. (2003) VOC gas concentration PTR-ITMS: Prazeller et al. (2003) Concentration of ionic species in aerosols PILS: Weber et al. (2001) + ion chromatography. Size-resolved composition AMS (thermal vaporization mass spectrometry): Jayne et al. (2000) Single particle composition SPMS (laser desorption mass spectrometry): Thomson et al. (2000), Su et al. (2004), Zelenyuk and Imre (2005). Single particles morphology, composition, phase, internal structure, hygroscopicity TEM, SEM, EDX microanalysis: Buseck and Anderson (1998); Fletcher et al. (2001); De Bock and Van Grieken (1999); Laskin et al. (2006), Twohy et al. (2005). Environmental SEM and TEM: Ebert et al. 2002; Laskin et al. (2006), Wise et al. (2005) ● ● ● Ground-based and satellite-based remote sensing of aerosol optical depth and column properties AERONET: Holben et al (1998); Dubovik and King (2000); Kaufman et al. (2002) Ground-based and satellite-based remote sensing of vertical distribution of aerosol properties Aerosol lidar: Goldsmith et al. (1998); Turner et al. (2001); Müller et al. (2001); Shipley et al. (1983). Satellite: Kaufman et al. (2003); Winker et al. (2004). Updraft velocity Gust probe: Lenschow (1986); Conant et al. (2004). Ghan & Schwartz, BAMS 2007 P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
A Closing Point re Instruments • A new airborne instrument with AERONETlike capabilities and more is in the works P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
4 STAR: Spectrometer for Sky-Scanning, Sun-Tracking Atmospheric Research AERONET-like • Phase function • Size mode distributions • nre(l), nim(l) • Single-scattering albedo • Asymmetry parameter • Shape • Hence aerosol type AATS-14 like retrievals of column amount and profiles of aerosol, H 2 O and O 3 Improve H 2 O, O 3 Add NO 2 Thus improve AOD Simultaneous spectra yield airborne profiles of aerosol type via Aeronet-like retrievals B. Schmid, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Spectrometer for Sky-Scanning, Sun-Tracking Atmospheric Research (4 STAR) Fiber Optics Cable Optical Entrance Sun Tracking, Sky Scanning Head Motor Feedback Devices Elevation Motor Aircraft Skin Azimuth Motor Fiber Optics Rotating Joint B. Schmid, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Summary & Conclusions · Integrated air-space-ground field studies have made major contributions to the reduction in aerosol radiative forcing uncertainty documented in IPCC AR 4 (2007). · They have done this by improving satellite retrieval algorithms and aerosol modules of climate models. · There is a continuing need for such studies, & the trend is to interagency-international collaboration (e. g. , POLARCAT: ARCTAS-ISDAC). · Continuing advances in instrumentation & validation are required to reduce the remaining unacceptably large uncertainties in ARF. P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
End of Presentation Remaining Slides are Backup P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
(A) Forcings used to drive climate simulations. K SM NK A E P (B) Simulated and observed surface temperature change. Hansen et al. Science 2005 P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
A Chain of Field Experiments Measuring Aerosols & Their Effects on Atmospheric Radiation TARFOX, 1996 INTEX-A, 2004 AIOP, 2003 ALIVE, 2005 CLAMS, 2001 ACE-Asia, 2001 ACE-2, 1997 INTEX-B, 2006 ADAM, 2003 PRIDE, 2000 EVE, 2004 SAFARI, 2000 Aerosol Optical Depth Derived from Upward Scattered Solar Radiance AVHRR/NOAA 11, June-Aug. , Husar et al. , J. Geophys. Res. , 102, 16, 889, 1997.
Table 4. Advanced techniques for characterization of properties of aerosols, precursor gases, and other key quantities Property Instrument/technique (reference) H 2 SO 4 gas concentration CIMS: Eisele and Berresheim (1992) NH 3 gas concentration CIMS: Nowak et al. (2002), Fehsenfeld et al. (2002) OH gas concentration Laser induced fluorescence: Martinez et al. (2003) VOC gas concentration PTR-ITMS: Prazeller et al. (2003) Concentration of ionic species in aerosols PILS: Weber et al. (2001) + ion chromatography. Size-resolved composition AMS (thermal vaporization mass spectrometry): Jayne et al. (2000) Single particle composition SPMS (laser desorption mass spectrometry): Thomson et al. (2000), Su et al. (2004), Zelenyuk and Imre (2005). Single particles morphology, composition, phase, internal structure, hygroscopicity TEM, SEM, EDX microanalysis: Buseck and Anderson (1998); Fletcher et al. (2001); De Bock and Van Grieken (1999); Laskin et al. (2006), Twohy et al. (2005). Environmental SEM and TEM: Ebert et al. 2002; Laskin et al. (2006), Wise et al. (2005) ● ● ● Ground-based and satellite-based remote sensing of aerosol optical depth and column properties AERONET: Holben et al (1998); Dubovik and King (2000); Kaufman et al. (2002) Ground-based and satellite-based remote sensing of vertical distribution of aerosol properties Aerosol lidar: Goldsmith et al. (1998); Turner et al. (2001); Müller et al. (2001); Shipley et al. (1983). Satellite: Kaufman et al. (2003); Winker et al. (2004). Updraft velocity Gust probe: Lenschow (1986); Conant et al. (2004). Ghan & Schwartz, BAMS 2007 P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
2 Closing Points re Instruments • New suborbital instruments need validation, too (not just new satellite instruments) P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
Validation of HSRL extinction profiles in MAX-Mex/INTEX-B/MILAGRO OMI/Aura CALIPSO POLDER/Parasol Cloud. Sat MODIS/Aqua B 200 DC-8 C-130 J 31 GLORY MISR, MODIS/Terra
Aerosol extinction comparison from coordinated flights by J 31 (AATS), Be 200 (HSRL), & C 130 (in situ) HSRL (532 nm) AATS (519 nm) Hi GEAR (550 nm)
2 Closing Points re Instruments • New suborbital instruments need validation, too (not just new satellite instruments) • A new airborne instrument with AERONETlike capabilities and more is in the works P. Russell, DOE-ASP Meeting, Annapolis, MD, 27 Feb 2008
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