Napoleons Reign The Revolution is over I am

Napoleon’s Reign

“The Revolution is over. . . I am the Revolution. ” What does the quote mean? What does it reveal about Napoleon?

Think About This Quote---After We Are Done I Will Ask You If You Agree---Why or Why Not? "I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution. “ – Napoleon Bonaparte

Early Life • Born (1769) in Corsica to poor family • Character traits from the Enlightenment – Creative, scientific, nontraditional, liberal – The ideas of the philosophes influenced his government, religion, law, education, and economy reforms.

Discrimination Napoleon Faced In Military School Because He Was Corsican • Corsicans were thought of as lower people and Napoleon's Corsican decent could have hindered his advancements because of stereotypes such as they were dirty and poor islanders with no education or class. • Also Corsican society had very different ideals and values from those of Paris which people sometimes associated Napoleon with even though he moved to Paris when he was nine years old. • It was also easy for people to realize that Napoleon was an islander because of his accent. • He was so worried about being accepted by the people of Paris that he even changed the spelling of his from Buonaparte to Bonaparte to give it a French rather than Italian pronunciation. (Erickson 140) • This is why his marriage to Josephine later on would make it easier for him to rise politically.

Early Life • Napoleon was commissioned as a lieutenant in the French army. • He was not popular with his fellow officers. • He was able to inspire and motivate the troops under his command.

Early Life • Studied French philosophy • Analyzed famous military campaigns and strategy • Studied the use of artillery in the army. • The revolution provided Napoleon with the perfect opportunity to take advantage of his knowledge and talents.

Military Successes • Napoleon rose quickly through the ranks of the French army. • By age 26 he was the Commander of the French armies in Italy.

Military Successes Italian Campaigns In a series of lighting quick victories Napoleon crushed the Treaty of Campo Formio: Austrian armies in Took Italy. Austria out of the war and placed all of Italy and Switzerland On hiscontrol. own initiative he concluded under French It made Napoleon a national the Treaty heroof in Campo France. Formio with Austria, against the wishes of the government in Paris.

• • • Impact of Josephine Bonaparte had an immense impact on her husband Napoleon, assisting him to his rise to one of the greatest political powers and military leaders that Europe has ever seen. Josephine's social powers and great personality assisted and affected Napoleon. The emotional ties that bonded them greatly impacted Napoleon from day to day. It was also her opinions that influenced him, for he often listened to them and took them to heart. Napoleon remained grateful til the day he died for her "devotion and self-sacrifice" (Laing 193) and regretted divorcing her for the rest of his life. Josephine's good friend Claire Rémusat once said that "She (Josephine) acted as the original link between the French nobility and the Consular Government. "(Laing 123). She would listen to their needs and tell Napoleon what she thought should be done to satisfy them fairly (Laing 124). When Josephine was Empress, Napoleon made it part of her job to enforce the new social code and it is said that he did this because many of the reforms she herself had introduced (Erickson 240). Napoleon had many great ideas and actions which Josephine often gave her input into and had an effect on the final result.

Character Traits of Napoleon Also Found In Dictators of 20 th Century • Impressive intellectual ability • Could work 18 to 20 hours at a stretch without a break in concentration • He was “a typical man of the 18 th century, a rationalist, a philosophe who placed trust in reason, in knowledge and in methodical effort” • He also had a love for action and boundless ambition. • He had charisma and could move men to obedience, to loyalty, and to heroic acts. • He was quite arrogant and manipulated people at will. • He said, “A man like me troubles little about the lives of a million men. ” • From the Revolution, he learned that he must become a statesman and a tyrant to consolidate the Revolution and bind together the different social classes. • Machiavelli, the author of The Prince, would have thought Napoleon was the perfect prince---the whole concept of the end justifies the means. • Napoleon made it impossible for the Old Regime to be restored as it was.

• The Consulate had democratic principles Napoleon was the first modern figure to and political voting rights, however, Napoleon use the philosophies of the Enlightenment seized power for combined with the ideasoon of nationalism, himself and was named and to back both with military power and the First Consul. force in the service of his own power and ambition.

“The truest conquests, the only ones that give rise to no regrets, are those gained over ignorance. The most honorable as well as the most useful activity of nations is to contribute to the advancement of human knowledge. The real strength of the French Republic should henceforth lie in its determination to possess every new idea, without a single exception. ” — Napoleon Bonaparte (upon his election to the National Institute of France)

"A man will fight harder for his interests than for his rights. " – Napoleon, quoted in Thorpe, Scott, How to Think Like Einstein, Barnes & Noble Books, Inc. , 2000, p. 167.

Used: ----Propaganda 1. Rhetoric of the Revolution 2. Nationalism 3. Force • Combined these three into a mighty weapon for expansion of France and of his power – was a model that future dictators Followed • At 30, was a virtual dictator • Was the end of the Revolution

Plebiscite (Napoleon’s Use of “Democracy”) A direct vote by the people on a specific issue. 1. Napoleon overthrew the Government (1799) • 3, 000 Approved • 3, 000 Disapproved 2. Napoleon was named Emperor (1804) • 3, 500, 000 Approved • 2, 600 Disapproved He used rhetoric of Revolution to “legitimize” his actions, but gave people very little choice.

Why Napoleon Had Support • The leading elements of the 3 rd Estate (government officials, landowners, doctors, lawyers, bankers) had achieved most of their goals by 1799 – Had abolished hereditary privilege, allowing people of talent to achieve wealth and status – Were not really excited about sharing wealth with the poor • Peasants had also gotten what they wanted – Got their land – Got rid of feudal privileges • People were tired of the chaos, and Napoleon appeared to be the man who

Class System • Émigrés could return if swore loyalty to new French gov’t. • Peasants kept lands they’d bought from Church and nobles • New nobility established through a meritocracy (e. g. , Legion of Honor) Economy • Controlled prices • Encouraged industrial growth • Strengthened the nation’s infrastructure Education • Nationally-controlled public schools Government • Strengthened the national government • Ran an efficient bureaucracy Laws – Napoleonic Code Religion – Concordat of 1801 • Equality before the law • Religious tolerance • End to feudalism • But women lost many of their rights • Church under government control • Religious freedom

Political Changes: New Government: Consulate • Overthrew the corrupt Directory • Suspended the legislative bodies • Created a new government called that Consulate that ran for four years • Wrote another new constitution-the fourth in ten years of revolution • Executive branch consisted of three men called Consuls to serve for ten years • Napoleon was First Consul and had the power to appoint the heads of seven ministries, all ambassadors, high military officers, and department heads. • This was based upon the actions of Julius Caesar.

Napoleon as First Consul

Napoleon as “First Consul” a With the government in disarray, Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat on November 9, 1799. a He proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title] and did away with the elected Assembly [appointing a Senate instead]. § In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life. ” § Two years later he proclaimed himself “Emperor. ”

The Government of the Consulate a Council of State § Proposed the laws. § Served as a Cabinet & the highest court. a Tribunate § Debated laws, but did not vote on them. a Legislature § Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them. a Senate § Had the right to review and veto legislation.

New Government Continued: Legislative Branch • Legislative branch made up of three houses • The Tribunate: a)100 members chosen to serve for five years b)discussed laws but did not vote on them • The Legislature of Three Hundred: a)voted on the laws but did not discuss them • Senate: • a)reviewed the laws and could veto them *Members of the legislative bodies were selected from a prepared list of a group of 80 conservative senators selected by the Consuls--made the people think they had a say in the legislative branch, but there were no elections

Quest to Conquer Europe Napoleonic Wars Begin • Extension of wars fought during the French Revolution, would last a decade • France dominant power in Europe • French empire grew rapidly, but fell apart more quickly • Nelson and British navy won Battle of Trafalgar off coast of Spain • Napoleon defeated Russian and Austrian troops at Austerlitz

The Creation of an Empire • 1804 -1814: Napoleon creates an empire by annexing territory – Netherlands – Belgium – Parts of Italy – Parts of Germany • Napoleon cut Prussian territory in half • Many countries signed treaties with France to avoid conflict • Napoleon placed relatives on the thrones of several places to solidify his control

Napoleonic Europe Continued • In 1803, ended with war with England • Fought the War of the Third Coalition where Napoleon: a)Beat the Austrians at the Battle of Ulm b)Beat the Austro-Russian Army at Austerlitz c)Defeated the Prussians at Jena and marched into Berlin d)Defeated the Russians at Eylau and Friedland *Made his brother Joseph the King of Naples *Made his brother Louis the King of Holland *Created the Duchy of Warsaw from land conquered from the Prussians.

Napoleonic Europe

Napoleon Dominates Europe Mastered Most of Europe • Through treaties, alliances, and victories in battle • Controlled much of Europe by 1812 Free of Control • Great Britain remained an enemy • Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire escaped Bonaparte’s grip Rewarded Relatives • Relatives put in power; brothers on thrones of Holland, Naples, and Sicily • Sisters and stepson held powerful positions

Napoleon’s Empire • Napoleon could put as many as 700, 000 men under arms at one time, risk as many as 100, 000 troops in a single battle, endure No single could match such heavy losses, enemy and return to fight again. even coalitions failed • He. Resources, could conscript citizen soldiers in unprecedented numbers, thanks to their loyalty to the nation.

Napoleon’s Family Rules! Jerome Bonaparte King of Westphalia. Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain Louise Bonaparte King of Holland Pauline Bonaparte Princess of Italy Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome e Elisa Bonaparte Grand Duchess of Tuscany e Caroline Bonaparte Queen of Naples e e e

Next Political Cartoon Commenting On Napoleon • TIDDY-DOLL, THE GREAT FRENCH GINGERBREAD BAKER, PREPARING A NEW BATCH OF KINGS. The maker of kings This famous caricature was both adapted and changed in France in 1815 and given the following title: Four des Alliés ou le Corse près à être cuit/ the Oven of the Allies or the Corsican ready to be baked (see C. Clerc, p. 247, n° 119). • Gillray's original print refers to the creation of the Rhine Federation in 1806 thanks to which Napoleon (who remains general Buonaparte for the English) put an end to the Holy Roman German Empire and created a series of allied Kingdoms of France: Wurtemberg, Bavaria, Saxony, Westphalia. • Criticism is addressed to the "usurper" and to the little kings of Germany baked by Napoleon alike.

Council of State • Contained men of high technical abilities supported by younger men to be trained in becoming higher civil servants • By 1811, the Council of State was in charge of over 300 civil servants who supervised financial, legal, military, and domestic affairs • This was the start of the French bureaucracy and still exists today.

Civil Code or Code Napoleon • Created a uniform code of law • Recognized the principles of equality before the law, freedom of thought, and the supremacy of the state--ORDER AND SECURITY---Hobbes • There were regulations on all aspects of life---marriage, inheritance, property, etc… • One of the negatives was the power it gave to men over women. • The Civil Code treated women as irresponsible minors.

Napoleonic Code • The code was a reform of civil law in France. It 1. would Safeguarded all forms of property eventually 2. Employment was based on talent not birth spread to the rest of 3. Merit based pay 4. Europe. Workers’ organizations were forbidden 5. Men were granted extensive control of their families 5. Divorce was made difficult for women

Code Napoleon, 1804 a It divides civil law into: § § § Personal status. Property. a Its purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution. a Create one law code for France. The acquisition of property.

Napoleon and His Code---Propaganda

Napoleonic Code • Made citizens equal in the eyes of the law--Equality • Established religious tolerance---Liberty • Advancement was based on merit--Fraternity • Took rights away from women—now controlled by male guardians

Code Napoleon • All people were declared equal before the law. ---Equality • There were no longer special privileges for nobles, the clergy, or rich people. ---Fraternity Feudal rights were ended. ---Fraternity • Wives were not allowed to sell or give away property. • Trial by jury was guaranteed. ---Liberty • Religious freedom was guaranteed. ---Liberty • Parents were given power over their children. • Fathers were allowed to imprison their children for any time up to a month.

Napoleon Wrote About The Civil Code • “My glory consists not of having won forty battles ; that which nothing will erase, that which will live eternally, is my Civil Code and the Minutes of the State Council. "

The Influence of the Napoleonic Code Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.

Napoleon and Propaganda • Bonaparte was not only a warrior; he was also a shrewd propagandist. • During his first campaign in Italy, he carefully crafted reports from the battlefield, designed to increase his glory while masking the ruthlessness with which he plundered the country. • He created his own newspapers — France and the Army of Italy, and The Newspaper of the Army of Italy, which exalted his victories. • Bonaparte himself actually writes some articles. He himself wrote: "Bonaparte flies like lightning and strikes like a thunderbolt. "

Napoleon and Propaganda • He saw that his intelligence, his abilities were more than just military. Not only had he become a great general, but also possibly a future statesman. And everybody realizes it, not only in Italy, but in France too. • His strategy included commissioning paintings of himself. • He brilliantly created a mythical image of himself – an infallible hero, destined by God to rule over France.

Napoleon’s first wife, Josephine de Beauharnais, aided her husband’s career through her interpersonal skills and political connections.

Napoleon and Propaganda • He orders a painting after a victory. He dictates theme, the layout of the characters. He even orders the dimensions of the frame. • From the very beginning Napoleon gave himself an image. He created his own history. • From his first triumphs, Bonaparte understood that it’s not enough to win victories. • He uses images to make sure that his victories in Italy are widely publicized in France.

Napoleon and Propaganda • Although the Egyptian campaign was a military disaster, Napoleon was able to exploit the French people's fascination with the mysterious country to his advantage. • He used the press to keep the campaign, and himself, in people’s minds. • Street vendors in Paris sold pictures with palm trees, with pyramids, or with a general covered by plumes who harangues his troops and massacres the infidels. • Paris theaters produced spectacles about the "Victory of the Pyramids. " • Paintings of the time show him returning to France, grandly victorious, with a star of destiny shining over his ship. • By the time Napoleon returned to France from Egypt in August 1799, he was famous.

Napoleon's Coronation – Jacques Louis David

From Consul to Emperor Napoleon placing the crown on his own head, instead of being crowned by the head of the Church (1804)

“Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine, ” 1806 by David

Consul vs. Emperor Note the plainer appearance of Napoleon when he first became Consul, as compared to the much more grand scene of him once his imperial ambition had been revealed and he had seated himself as Emperor

Napoleon on Liberty versus Being Emperor • I had been nourished by reflecting on liberty, " Bonaparte said, "but I thrust it aside when it obstructed my path. "

Creating An Absolutist State • 1804 -Pushed a decree through making him Emperor • Shrewdly kept universal suffrage, Council of State, and Legislative Branch • Set up the Ministry of Police who used ruthless methods to destroy political opponents • Imposed strict censorship on all critical writings • Napoleon also controlled the press, dropping the number of newspapers in Paris from over sixty in 1799 to four by 1814. • Trial by jury was stopped • Special courts were set up to deal with counterfeiting, smuggling, robbery, and rebellion • Used branding, torture, and execution • But because Napoleon was a dedicated leader who worked 18 hour days, listened to the advice of others, and provided political and economic stability, the people accepted all of this. ***This happens again with Hitler!

Napoleon Primary Source Quotes • “It is not what is true that counts, but what people think is true. ” • “The ignorant class will no longer exercise their influence on making laws or on government. ”

Political Changes in France Under Napoleon • Consolidation of his own power • Strengthening of the central government • New slogans: Order, Security, and Efficiency • No longer: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

The Corsican Crocodile Dissolving The Council of Frogs (State) • Political Cartoon making criticizing Napoleon’s creation of an absolutist state.

The Imperial Image

Napoleon the Emperor

Napoleon on Rebuilding France • "Now we must rebuild, and, moreover, we must rebuild solidly, " said Napoleon to his brother Lucien the day after the coup d'etat which had overthrown the Directory and made him the temporary Dictator of France.

Economic Reforms Regulation of economy Encouraged new industry Regulated prices, Built canals and roads He reformed the French taxation system bringing to his imperial coffers almost 700 million francs annually. • The sources for the money came from taxes on income and a series of levies on goods - such as wine, tobacco and salt. • • •

Economic: Tax Reform • Most important of all the financial measures was the reorganization of the system of taxation. • The First Consul insisted that the taxes must meet the whole expense of the nation, save war, which must pay for itself; and he so ordered affairs that never, after his administration was fairly begun, was a deficit known or a loan made. • This was done, too, without the people feeling the burden of taxation. • Indeed, that burden was so much lighter under his administration that it had been under the old regime, that peasant and workman, in most cases, probably did not know they were being taxed.

Economic Tax Reform • Before 1789, " says Taine, "out of one hundred francs of net revenue, the workman gave fourteen to his seignor, fourteen to the clergy, fifty-three to the state, and kept only eighteen or nineteen for himself. ” • “Since 1800, from one hundred francs income he pays nothing to the seignor or the Church, and he pays to the state, the department, and the commune but twenty-one francs, leaving seventy-nine in his pocket. " • And such was the method and care with which this system was administered, that the state received more than twice as much as it had before. • The enormous sums which the police and tax-collectors had appropriated now went to the state. • Here is but one example of numbers which show minutely Napoleon guarded this part of the finances. It is found in a letter to Fouche, the chief of police: "What happens at Bordeaux happens at Turin, at Spa, at Marseilles, etc. The police commissioners derive immense profits from the gaming-tables. My intention is that the towns shall reap the benefit of the tables. I shall employ the two hundred thousand francs paid by the tables of Bordeaux in building a bridge or a canal. . "

Napoleon on Regulating Taxation • A great improvement was that the taxes became fixed and regular. • Napoleon wished that each man should know what he had to pay out each year. "True civil liberty depends on the safety of property, " he told his Council of State. "There is none in a country where the rate of taxation is changed every year. A man who has three thousand francs income does not know how much he will have to live on the next year. His whole substance may be swallowed up by the taxes. "

Napoleon and Taxes • Nearly the whole revenue came from indirect taxes applied to a great number of articles. • In case of a war which did not pay its way, Napoleon proposed to raise each of these a few centimes. • The nation would surely prefer this, to paying it to the Russians or Austrians. When possible the taxes were reduced. "Better leave the money in the hands of the citizens than lock it up in a cellar, as they do in Prussia. " • He was cautious that extra taxes should not come on the very poor, if it could be avoided. • A suggestion to charge the vegetable and fish sellers for their stalls came before him. "The public square, like water, ought to be free. It is quite enough that we tax salt and wine. . It would become the city of Paris much more to think of restoring the corn market. "

Economic: Budget and Spending • An important part of his financial policy was the rigid economy which • was insisted on in all departments. • If a thing was bought, it must be worth what was paid for it. • If a man held a position, he must do its duties. • Neither purchases nor positions could be made unless reasonable • and useful. • This was in direct opposition to the old regime, of which waste, idleness, and parasites were the chief characteristics. • The saving in expenditure was almost incredible. • A trip to Fontainebleau, which cost Louis XVI. four hundred thousand dollars, Napoleon would make, in no less state, for thirty thousand dollars. • The expenses of the civil household, which amounted to five million dollars under the old regime, were now cut down to six hundred thousand dollars.

Napoleon’s View on Building Canals and Roads • Constructing a canal----must complete it; it cannot be left unfinished • Once the course was defined, he required that the first stretch be opened entirely before continuing, without interruption, always taking care to finish what had been begun. • "It is better to be the possessor of a canal ten leagues long every ten years than to wait a century for a hundred-league canal to be completed. " • Another example: opening a road--- The engineers must not tear up all the existing surface, but unroll the pavement one at a time over the surface to be graded. • The completed part could then be used independently of the parts that remained to be done. • This system was inspired by the conviction that the community should profit as quickly as possible from the money committed by the state.

Canals Built By Napoleon - Saint-Quentin - From Escaut to the Somme - From Burgundy (begun under Louis XV, completed in 1832) – From the Rance to the Vilaine - From the Baltic to the Seine - From Lübeck to Hambourg - From Nantes to Brest - From the Sambre to the Escaut – From Niort – Loire Lateral Canal - From the Rhine to the Rhone by the Doubs, linking the North Sea to the Mediterranean – • Plus a certain number of smaller canals • Spent Fifty-five million francs • almost a thousand miles of canals were built • • •

Napoleon’s Canals • Napoleon had studied at the Ecole Militaire and while he was famously not from Paris, he understood the city. • To keep Parisians fed so they wouldn’t riot, he kept them employed. • As the Depression proved in America, the best route to full employment is huge public works, followed by a major war. Napoleon did both. • In Paris, he found that nothing keeps people happy like a large construction project; the building of the canal was perfect for his purpose. • Initially intended as a source of drinking water, this canal actually set in motion an entire architectural shift in northeastern Paris as the Industrial Revolution gained speed. • Because of this convenient shipping lane connecting the Canal Saint-Denis (out in the suburbs) with the Canal Saint-Martin (inside the old walls of 18 thcentury Paris), Paris was able to set up important dockyards for sugar refineries, construction equipment, and every kind of light industry in the 10 th, 11 th, and 19 th arrondissements.

Napoleon’s Canals • These industrial buildings would soon have a huge impact on Paris architecture. But originally, the plan was simply to bring water to thirsty Parisians. • The head of construction, Simon Girard, was a veteran of Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign, and the canal went forward much like a campaign. • Pillars were sunk to support the canal bed over marshy ground, while utopian Classical architecture was used at the tax checkpoints and for other detailing along the canal. • The Ourcq was almost lost in the 1970 s, when planners suggested paving it over and installing a high-speed highway through the east of Paris. • Fortunately, residents protested and today the canal remains a magnificent place to stroll, surrounded by superb 19 th- and 20 thcentury buildings.

Napoleon’s View on Importance of Implementing Reforms • In a dispatch to his government in 1801, the Prussian ambassador stated that Bonaparte had spoken to him "with conviction of the canals to be finished and opened, of highways to be constructed and repaired, of ports to be cleaned, of towns to be adorned, of places of worship and pious institutions to be opened, of public instruction and education to be paid for�. “ • Two hundred and seventy-seven million francs was spent building roads from 1803 - 1814

Napoleon on the Importance of Rebuilding France • "It is impossible to conceive, if one had not been a witness of itbefore and after the 18 th Brumaire [said the chancellor Pasquier], of the widespread ruin wrought by the Revolution. There were hardly two or three main roads [in France] in a fit condition for traffic; not a single one was there, perhaps, wherein was not found some obstacle that could not be surmounted without peril. With regard to the ways of internal communication, they had been indefinitely suspended. The navigation of rivers and canals was no longer feasible. "In all directions, public buildings, and those monuments which represent the splendor of the state, were falling into decay. It must fain be admitted that if the work of destruction had been prodigious, that of restoration was no less so. Everything was taken hold of at one and the same time, and everything progressed with a like rapidity. Not only was it resolved to restore all that required restoring in various parts of the country, in all parts of the public service, but new, grand, beautiful and useful works were decided upon, and many were brought to a happy termination. This certainly constitutes one of the most brilliant sides of the consular and imperial regime. "

Roads Napoleon Built • • • • - From Mont-Cenis (linking Lyon to Turin and to Genoa) - From Simplon (linking Geneva to Milan) - From Lautaret - From Alexandria to Savona - From Genoa to Alexandria - From Parma to La Spezia - From Piacenza to Genoa - From Paris to Madrid by Bayonne - From Paris to Amsterdam - From Paris to Namur-Liège-Hamburg - From Paris to Mayence - From Tournus to Chambéry - Plus departmental roads� In the area of public works, over 20, 000 miles of imperial and 12, 000 miles of regional roads were completed,

• • • • Refitting of Seaports Done by Napoleon - Cherbourg - Le Havre - Dunkirk - Calais - Saint-Valéry - Dieppe - Bayonne - Sète - Marseilles - Anvers - Vlissingen - Ostend (and the canal) TOTAL COST BETWEEN 1804 AND 1813: Fifty-five million francs

• • • • Bridges Built by Napoleon - Scrivia (Italy) - Tours - Tilsit (in Lyon) - Isère - La Durance - Bordeaux - Moissac, Agen, etc. Bridge and wharfs in Rouen - Roanne - Givet - Vey - Arves - Sèvres - Saint-Cloud� TOTAL COST BETWEEN 1804 AND 1813: Thirty-one million francs

Economic: Support of Factories • His policy was one of protection. • He would have France make everything she wanted, and sell to her neighbors, but never buy from them---Mercantilism • To stimulate the factories, which in 1799 were as nearly bankrupt as the public treasury, he visited the factories himself to learn their needs. • He gave liberal orders, and urged, even commanded, his associates to do the same. • At one time, anxious to aid the batiste factories of Flanders, he tried to force Josephine to give up cotton goods and to set the fashion in favor of the batistes; but she made such an outcry that he was obliged to abandon the idea. • For the same reason he wrote to his sister Eliza: "I beg that you will allow your court to wear nothing but silks and cambrics, and that you will exclude all cottons and muslins, in order to favor French industry. "

Economic: Cotton Factories • To introduce cotton-making into the country was one of his chief industrial ambitions. • At the beginning of the century it was printed in all the factories of France, but nothing more. • He proposed to the Council of State to prohibit the importation of cotton thread and the woven goods. • There was a strong opposition, but he carried his point.

Economic: Agriculture • In a similar way he encouraged agriculture; especially was he anxious that France should raise all her own articles of diet. • He had Berthollet look into maple and turnip sugar, and he did at last succeed in persuading the people to use beet sugar; though he never convinced them that Swiss tea equalled Chinese, or that chicory was as good as coffee.

Economic Reforms • Set up a special bank to guarantee 5% interest rates on bonds • Set up the Bank of France to issue bank notes • Silver and gold coins were standardized • Provided financial stability • Industrial and commercial growth began

Napoleon Established the Banque de France, 1800

Economic Reforms • Think tanks" and research centers were established in France to work on projects vital for national economy. • An Industrial Board was organized to provide data and information to French Industry, as exemplified by the success of the sugar beet farming and the canning industry. • The Convention had earlier organized public welfare so as to eliminate poverty, vagabondage, and begging. • Under Napoleon there was greater centralization of activity: o Each arrondissement had a ''central committee of charity" presided over by the prefect or subprefect. o Public soup kitchens were organized to help the needy, but in general the regime favored private rather than public charity, by charitable societies like those of the ancien regime. o In 1808 begging was forbidden, and the penal code of 1810 organized its judicial repression. o Foundlings and orphans were assisted by legislation in 1811.

Examples of policies and actions of Napoleon which were consistent with the ideals of the Revolution • • Equality under the law No legal distinctions between social classes Merit based government offices Napoleonic Code – Unified legal system – Freedom of religion and occupation • All citizens taxed equally • Set up Lyceés (government-run schools)

Examples of policies and actions of Napoleon which were inconsistent with the ideals of the Revolution • Napoleon was a dictator • Was censorship and repression • Labor unions forbidden and the rights of employers far greater than the rights of workers • Did not give full equality to all • Men had extensive control over their families

Results of Napoleon and the French Revolution • In France, it ended the Old Regime permanently – Ended feudalism and established a written constitution • France was no longer the most powerful nation in Europe – Britain was • The political boundaries of Europe were redefined • Was the beginning of strong nationalism which spread throughout Europe and was sparked by Napoleon • After defeat of Napoleon, was a general peace that lasted 100 years • Ideas of the Revolution and radicalism had been spread throughout Europe

Think About This Quote---Do You Agree---Why or Why Not? "I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution. “ – Napoleon Bonaparte