Napoleon Bonapartes Empire 1799 Coup of 18 Brumaire

Napoleon Bonaparte’s Empire • 1799: Coup of 18 Brumaire (Napoleon comes to power); assumes title of First Consul • 1802: Napoleon declared consulship a lifetime post • 1804: Napoleon declared himself Emperor • Military dictatorship; police state methods • Concordat with Catholic Church (1801) to support rule • Napoleonic Code: carried across Europe by French army; revolutionary ideas…and restoring absolute authority of fathers Emperor Napoleon, Jean-Baptiste Borely (1813)

The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David (1804)

Napoleonic Wars • Napoleon fought in an unending series of wars; conquered much of Europe • Conscription: source of power; 2. 5 million men • Reorganizes Holy Roman Empire • Naval wars with Britain • Disastrous invasions of Spain (Latin American independence movements) and Russia (decimation of French troops) .

Congress of Vienna • 1814: Germans revolt; British defeat Napoleon; exiled to Elba • “ 100 Days”: Napoleon flees Elba, raises new army • Waterloo (1815): decisive defeat of Napoleon; exiled to St. Helena; dies 1821 • Congress of Vienna: (1814 -15) redraw map of Europe to “balance” great powers out Napoleon abdicating in Fontainebleau (1814) by Paul Delaroche, painted in 1845.

Industrialization William Bell Scott Iron and Coal. 1855 -60. National Trust, Wallington, Northumberland

“Those vast brick edifices in the vicinity of all the great manufacturing towns in the south of Lancashire, towering to the height of seventy or eighty feet, which strike the attention and excite the curiosity of the traveller, now perform labours which formerly employed whole villages…the same quantum of labor is now performed in one of these structures which formerly occupied the industry of an entire district. ” --Richard Guest, Compendious History of the Cotton Manufacture (Manchester, 1823)

Industrialization: A World Transformed • Industrialization represents an extensive, ongoing shift: away from traditional, subsistence agricultural societies toward societies organized around new realities of manufacturing, capital, and wage labor. • Nineteenth-century industrialization in Britain was founded upon increases in agricultural productivity, an increasing population, and innovations in production and distribution systems. Industrialization produced fantastic wealth, but came at a tremendous price.

Agriculture and Population Sunk are thy bowers in shapeless ruin all, And the long grass o'ertops the mouldering wall; And trembling, shrinking from the spoiler's hand, Far, far away thy children leave the land Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates, and men decay. The Deserted Village by Oliver Goldsmith, lines 47– 52 (1770)

Agriculture and Population • Increasing population: decline in mortality rates, better sanitation, more food, earlier marriages – 1730 s-1800: 120 million to 175 million – 1800 -1910: 175 million to 435 million • Increasing agricultural productivity (convertible husbandry, selective breeding, experimentation) • Rural migration: to cities, Americas, Australia

Cloth Production • Human/animal power: networks of producers across a region; producing at home using human or animal energy • Water power: using water to move turbine to which machinery is connected by belts; no human/animal effort needed • Steam power: burning coal to heat water; steam pushes turbines – much more controllable and dependable; can also be expanded Boulton and Watt steam powered engine (1784)

Cloth Production Based on the statistical appendices in the Fontana Economic History of Europe Vol 4, Part 2

Sir Richard Arkwright • 1732 -1792 • inventor and entrepreneur • utilized water to power his inventions to process cotton into mass-produced yarn • created a factory system of production – semi-skilled labor

Milford Mills • Built by Jebediah and William Strutt near Derwent River (Derbyshire, England) in 1780 s • Origins of Mill/Factory system; allowed continuous production of cotton • Water powered spinning, workers’ cottages • Warehouse built in 1793 Today, the mills house several modern businesses

Adam Smith • 1723 -1790 • Scottish economic thinker; Enlightenment analysis of markets • Defines core principles of capitalist system: division of labor, market, value, “invisible hand” • Main Work: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)

Dr. Andrew Ure • 1778 -1857 • Scottish doctor, chemist, scriptural geologist, business theorist • Fellow of the Royal Society • Consulting chemist; worked as expert witness and gave tours of factories • The Philosophy of Manufactures (1835)

Industrial Technologies

Britain and Transportation Road networks proliferate connecting market towns with larger cities (medieval process) Canals: eighteenth century growth; connecting waterways and urban centers Railroads: nineteenth century development; three phases; wood and iron (up to 1840 s), iron (1840 s-1860 s) and steel (after 1860 s) 1825: Stockton and Darlington Railway Decreases costs of shipping

The bourgeoisie: Middle Class Culture James Holland, The Langford Family in their Drawing Room, 1841

Manchester, England A sort of black smoke covers the city. The sun seen through it is a disc without rays. Under this half daylight 300, 000 human beings are ceaselessly at work. A thousand noises disturb this damp, dark labyrinth, but they are not at all the ordinary sounds one hears in great cities. The footsteps of a busy crowd, the crunching of wheels of machinery, the shriek of steam from boilers, the regular beat of the looms, the heavy rumble of carts, these are the noises from which you can never escape in the sombre half-light of these streets. --Alexis de Tocqueville, Journeys to England Ireland (1835) Manchester from Kersal Moor, William Wyld, 1852

Next Week • Tuesday – REACTION PAPER 2 (250 words based on the primary sources below) – Primary Source: The Sadler Report (excerpts) – Primary Source: Friedrich Engels, The Conditions of the Working Class in England (excerpts)