NANTAI NVERSTES DISCUSSIONS ON GLOBALIZATION POVERTY DEVELOPMENT AND
NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ DISCUSSIONS ON GLOBALIZATION POVERTY, DEVELOPMENT AND HUNGER İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi iisbf. nisantasi. edu. tr NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERS İTESİ ©
POVERTY • The monetary based conception of poverty has been almost universalized among governments and international organizations since 1945. • Poverty is considered as a condition suffered by people who do not earn enough money to satisfy their basic material requirements in the market place. • Developed countries have regarded poverty as being something external to them and a defining feature of the Third World. This view has provided justification for the former to help develop the latter by promoting their further integration into the global market. • Such poverty is increasingly endured by significant sectors of the populationin the North as well as the Third World, hence rendering traditional categories less useful. • A critical alternative view of poverty places more emphasis on lack of access to community-regulated common resources, community ties and spiritual values. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
DEVELOPMENT • The cold war stimulated competition between the West and the East to win the allies in the developing world. • Progress was achieved up to the 1980 s according to the orthodox development criteria of GDP per capita, economic growth, and industrialization. • Despite success in conventional terms, there has been an explosive widening of the gap between the richest and the poorest 20% of the world’s population and the developing countries as a group entered 1990 s more indepted than the 1980 s. • Dependency theorists see the current predicament of the Third World as predictable, arguing that export-oriented, free-market development promoted in the Third World has increased the wealth of the West and of Southern elites. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
A CRITICAL ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF DEVELOPMENT • The last two decades of 20 th century saw increasing debate about what constitutes development, with NGOs and grassroots activists playing a significant role. • An alternative view of development emerged, based on the transformation of existing power structures which uphold the status quo. • Such structures vary in scope from global to the local, and these are often interlinked. • Grass-roots organizations challenge entrenched power structures as people defend their rights, as they define them, seeking local control and empowerment. • Development in this alternative view can be seen as facilitating a community’s progress on its own terms. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
HUNGER • In recent decades global food production has burgeoned, but paradoxically hunger and malnourishment remain widespread. • The orthodox explanation for the continued existence of hunger is that population growth outstrips food production. • An alternative explanation for the continuance of hunger focuses on lack of Access or entitlement to available food. Access and entitlement are affected by factors such as the North/South global divide; particular national policies; rural/urban divides; class; gender; and race. • Globalization can simultaneously contribute to increased food production and increased hunger. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
LOOKING TO THE FUTURE: GLOBALIZATION WITH A HUMAN FACE? • 21 st century is faced with an awesome development challenge. • The orthodox view argues that development as economic growth via the classical free market has been successful to date and that what is required are now minor reforms to dampen the worst excesses of globalization, and to ameliorate any opposition to the intensification of neoliberal development policy. • The critical alternative pathway emanating from some NGOs, a few Third World governments, and a few academics argued that the dominant model has clearly failed to maximize global welfare and moreover is resulting in increasing global economic instability. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
SOURCES • John Baylis & Steve Smith (2001) The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
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