NANTAI NVERSTES DISCUSSIONS ON GLOBALIZATION NATIONALISM AND GLOBALIZATION
NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ DISCUSSIONS ON GLOBALIZATION NATIONALISM AND GLOBALIZATION İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi iisbf. nisantasi. edu. tr NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERS İTESİ ©
NATIONALISM AND GLOBALIZATION • Nationalism was only fully recognized as relevant by international relations in the past two decades. • Nationalism is both opposed to globalization and a product of it. • The spread of nationalism is a result of the transformation of the international system over the past two centuries. • Nationalism is now the moral basis of states and of the international system. • The link between nationalism and the modern international system is more than historical. It is also normative, tht means concerned with values, with ideas of how people should live, and to whom they owe obedience. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
NATIONALISM AND IDEOLOGY • Nationalism as ideology is a normative idea; nations exist objectively and should have the right to self-determination. • The modern idea of nationalism is a combination of: – Enlightenment and liberal concepts of self-ruling community – The French revolutionary idea of community of equal citizens – German conceptions of a people formed by history, tradition and culture. • Nationalism is both an idea of a history, a tradition and one of obligation. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
NATIONALISM AS A MOVEMENT • From its origins in the late 18 th century nationalism, evolving into the ideology we recognize today, has spread acrossed the whole world. • In the early nineteenth century, Europe saw the emergence of nationalism in Greece, Germany, Italy and Ireland, and later in multi-ethnic empires of Central and Eastern Europe – the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, Russian and Prussian empires. – Therefore, nationalism was evident first in Western Europe and in the Americas. – After World War I, the collapse of multi-ethnic empires in Eastern Europe, after World War II the end of the European empires in Asia and Africa. • Decades of conflict followed the proclamation of self-determination by President Wilson in 1918. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
NATIONALISM AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS • One effect of the globalization of communication is to make it physically and financially feasible for small groups of people to establish and to maintain cooperation. • Separate NGOs become well established in several countries before they decide to form an international NGO in order to exchange information and learn from each other’s experience. • NGOs can be based in just one country, while defining their goals in transnational terms. • When regional or global intergovernmental organizations become the focus of policymaking, then NGOs seek to influence the proceedings. • NGOs are so diverse in their goals and in their tactics that the above list only indicates the main processes by which they move from local to global politics. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
FOUR DEBATES • Justice vs. order – Nationalism both underpins and challenges the security of states. • History vs. modernity – Nationalism can be thought of as a fulfilment of a long historical development of peoples, or as a recent, modern response to social change. • Positive vs. negative – There are strong arguments as to the benefits of nationalism to the international system, and also as to the harm it causes relations between states. • Objects of primary loyalty – Nationalism is one among several answers to the question of loyalty and identity. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION: TOWARDS A POST-NATIONALIST AGE? • Nationalism remains an important part of relations between states and also the domestic politics of many countries. • Expectations of a disappearance of nationalism, made over the past century and a half, were mistaken. • Nationalism is a response to the new international context: in part benefiting from resentment at globalization, in part adjusting those parts of its programme that are no longer so relevant. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
SOURCES • John Baylis & Steve Smith (2001) The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
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