Nanotechnology Updated September 2011 Definition Nanotechnology is the

Nanotechnology Updated September 2011

Definition “Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. ” “Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale. ” National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2007 Updated September 2011 7

Yo w! Nanotechnology Language • Nanobio • Nanodots • Nanowires • Nanoelectronics • Nanobots • Nanomaterials • Nanochondria Figure 1. 4: Searching for nanotechnology. Updated September 2011 6

Scale of Things—Nanometers Figure 1. 5: National Nanotechnology Initiative. Updated September 2011 8

Brief History The concepts of nanotechnology are not new to nature or to mankind. An early example of a manmade nanoprocess is stained glass. Figure 1. 7: Stained glass windows. Updated September 2011 Figure 1. 8: Picture of gold nano particles . 10

Brief History, Continued Birth of Nanotechnology • Professor Taniguchi of Tokyo Science University used the word “nanotechnology” to describe the science and technology of processing or building parts with nanometric tolerances. • A nanometer is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a meter. Figure 1. 9: Tokyo Science University. Figure 1. 10: Equivalent Units Updated September 2011 11

Applications of Nanotechnology in Electronics Updated September 2011

Electronics and Computers Nanotechnology Makes: • Smaller Transistors • Smaller Memory • Smaller Circuitry Updated September 2011

Nanotechnology in Computer Processing Moore’s Law Updated September 2011

Moore’s Law describes a trend of technology. It states that the number of transistors that can be put on a single chip will double every two years. cc by WGSimon Updated September 2011 Wgsimon

Im St ag an e da fro rd m s Na an t d ion Te al ch In no sti lo tut gy es o f A schematic diagram of the NIST nanowire transistor. Updated September 2011

Transistors Instead of making transistor components and assembling them on a board, nanoscale transistors are grown together on a silicon wafer. They look much different from the traditional transistors. cc by ngelo Antônio Leithold Nano Transistor Photo by Intel Updated September 2011

• The human brain has about 100 billion neurons. • Each neuron has thousands of synapses. • The newest processors have only two billion transistors. Updated September 2011

cc by Ray Kurzweil Updated September 2011 Because of nanotechnology, the speed of computers has increased while the price of computing has decreased.

Nanotechnology in Memory and Storage Updated September 2011

This is a 2 gigabyte hard drive. It weighs about 70 pounds. It was first used in the 1980 s. Its cost at that time ranged from $80, 000 to $140, 000. Image by High. Point Learning Updated September 2011

2 GB in 1980 s $80, 000 2 GB in 1990 s $200 Image by High. Point Learning Updated September 2011 2 GB in 2010 $5

Current research shows that by using nanotechnology, 1000 GB of memory can fit on the head of this pin. 1000 GB is 1 Terabyte. Image by High. Point Learning Updated September 2011

Nanotechnology in Displays Updated September 2011

These layers contain transparent electrodes Nanotubes are small enough that they cannot be seen, so they can be great conductors to be used as transparent contacts. Updated September 2011 cc by Georg Wiora

Carbon nanotubes on a glass or plastic sheet allow manufacturers to make clear conductive panels for displays that are extremely thin. Updated September 2011 Image ©LG

Image courtesy of Universal Display Corporation Updated September 2011

Nanotechnology in Circuitry How do we see these circuits? Updated September 2011

To see the circuitry, researchers use an electron microscope or an atomic force microscope. This image shows different levels of a circuit. Updated September 2011 Image courtesy Lucent Technologies.

In the Nano Electronics Activity, you will download the virtual microscope from the University of Illinois website. It allows you to explore samples with an SEM and AFM. Screen Capture image of http: //virtual. itg. uiuc. edu/ Updated September 2011

This is a scanning electron Microscope image of an accelerometer. You can use the controls to zoom in, pan, and take measurements. Screen Capture image of Virtual Microscope Software Updated September 2011

References New Design Developed for Silicon Nanowire Transistors. (2005) NIST Tech Beat. Retrieved from http: //www. nist. gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb 2005_0630. htm Nelson, Max, and Shipbaugh, Calvin. (1995) The Potential of Nanotechnology for Molecular Manufacturing. [Kindle Edition]. Retrieved from http: //www. amazon. com The Transistor Turns 60. (2007) CNET News. Retrieved from http: //news. cnet. com/2300 -1006_36222749. html? tag=mncol Wilson, Michael, Kanangara, Kamali, Smith, Geoff, Simmons, Michelle, & Raguse, Burkhard. Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies. (2004). [Kindle Edition] Retrieved from http: //www. amazon. com Updated September 2011