Nanotechnology the New Frontier Peter Grutter Physics Department

Nanotechnology - the New Frontier Peter Grutter Physics Department Mc. Gill University www. physics. mcgill. ca/~peter

Science Fiction: 7 of 9 on Star Trek

Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip A. Schirmeisen, G. Cross, A. Stalder, U. Durig Imaging at 5. 0 k. V P. Grutter

Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip Imaging at 5. 0 k. V Manipulating at 6. 0 k. V

Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip Imaging at 5. 0 k. V Manipulating at 6. 0 k. V

Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip Imaging at 5. 0 k. V Manipulating at 6. 0 k. V

Single atom on tungsten tip Imaged at 2. 1 KV

The Impact of Nano “If I were asked for an area of science and engineering that will most likely produce the breakthroughs of tomorrow, I would point to nanoscale science and engineering. ” (…) “The total societal impact of nanotechnology is expected to be much greater than that of the silicon integrated circuit because it is applicable in many more fields than just electronics. ” Neal Lane, Assistant to former US President Clinton for science and technology

How big is a nanometer?

nm

Definition of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology investigates and applies phenomena, systems and structures where: 1. At least one dimension lc is a few nm 2. The properties are qualitatively different because l < lc Condition 2 distinguishes ‘nano’ from ‘micro’, macromolecular chemistry’ or ‘biology’

Sub-micron is not nano! ‘Nanotechnology on silicon products: Intel leads in production and research’ (Wall Street Journal)

Moore’s Law

Challenges and Opportunities for Semiconductor R&D Production Year 1999 2002 DRAM half pitch 180 nm Overlay accuracy 65 nm Gate length 140 nm CD control 14 nm 9 nm Oxide thickness 2 nm 2005 2008 2011 2014 1. 9 nm Nature, 406, 1023 (2000)

Challenges and Opportunities for Semiconductor R&D Production Year 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 DRAM half pitch 180 nm 130 nm 100 nm 70 nm 50 nm 35 nm Overlay accuracy 65 nm 45 nm 35 nm Gate length 140 nm 80 nm 65 nm 46 nm 30 nm 20 nm CD control 14 nm 9 nm Oxide thickness 2 nm 1. 9 nm Nature, 406, 1023 (2000)

Challenges and Opportunities for Semiconductor R&D Production Year 1999 2002 2005 DRAM half pitch 180 nm 130 nm 100 nm 70 nm 50 nm 35 nm Overlay accuracy 65 nm 45 nm 35 nm 20 nm 15 nm Gate length 140 nm 80 nm 65 nm 46 nm 30 nm 20 nm CD control 14 nm 9 nm Oxide thickness 2 nm 6 nm 2008 4 nm 2011 3 nm 2014 2 nm 1. 9 nm 1. 5 nm 1. 2 nm 0. 8 nm 0. 5 nm Nature, 406, 1023 (2000)

What is Nanoelectronics?

What is Electronics? • By electronics we mean the handling of complicated electrical wave forms for communicating information, probing (such as in radar) and data processing. • Data processing is the result of one complex stream of information interacting with another. • This requires non-linear behavior, otherwise information just gets passed on from one place to the other. (Landauer, Science 1968)

Nanoelectronics * Investigate those electronic properties of small systems that are fundamentally different because of size. Look for interesting nonlinearities. * ‘Smallness’ depends on property and temperature. The relevant length scale for conductance (the Fermi length) is 0. 5 nm for metals, 5 nm for semiconductors.

Conductance Quantization J. L. Pascual, Science 267, 1793 (1995) Experiment Modelling Conductance quantization in a 5 nm diameter wire during elongation

Nanoelectronics sub-fields • • Molecular electronics Spintronics Quantum computing ….

Storing information atom by atom Ultra high density (Library of Congress on a pin head) Ultra slow (needs life time of universe to write) Huge footprint (UHV 4 K STM) D. Eigler, IBM Almaden

Crossbar architecture

Bio-chemical Sensors Lennox Group, Chemistry, Mc. Gill

Beware of Power. Point Science or Cartoon Engineering !!!

Molecular electronics: the issues • Contacts • Structure-function relationship between transport process and molecular structure • Dissipation • Crosstalk (interconnects) • Architecture • I-O with a trillion processors • Fault tolerance • Manufacturing costs

Does atomic structure of the contact matter? Mehrez, Wlasenko, et al. , Rev. B 65, 195419 (2002) Phys. (Guo Group, Mc. Gill Physics)

Electronic Properties of Molecules: Requirements R. Reifenberger

Yan Sun Anne-Sophie Lucier Henrik Mortensen Sascha Schaer Yoichi Miyahara Peter Grutter (Mc. Gill Physics)

STM of alkanethiols on Au(111) C 8 C 6/C 8 M. Godin, P. Williams, P. Grutter Y. Sun

C 60 on Au(111) J. Mativetsky, S. Burke, Y. Sun, S. Fostner, R. Hoffmann, P. Grutter

Dynamics of tungsten tip: 30 frames per second field ion microscope movie Anne-Sophie Lucier

3 D Reconstruction: the real thing W polycrystalline tip reconstruction software by M. Orchard-Webb

F(z) and I(z) of W(111) trimer on Au(111) Schirmeisen et al, NJP 2, 29. 1 (2000)

600 nm C 60 on KBr 120 nm Cleaved in air, annealed in UHV clean KBr 400 nm S. Burke, J. Mativetsky, S. Fostner, R. Hoffmann, P. Grutter with C 60

C 60 islands on Au(111) 19 18 16 14 7

Magnetic reversal of microfabricated magnetic particles Aim: use coupled magnetic particles to process and store information Issue: switching field distribution Ph. D. Thesis of X. Zhu

Magnetic reversal of microfabricated magnetic particles Aim: use coupled magnetic particles to process and store information Issue: switching field distribution Ph. D. Thesis of X. Zhu

Quantum dots 50 nm diameter In. As Qdots grown on 10 nm In. P and a 2 DEG In. Ga. As Sample grown at NRC IMS J. Lefebvre, P. Poole, R. Williams et al J. Crystal Growth 234, 391 (2002)

Cryogenic MFM of Nb flux lattice Ph. D. Thesis of M. Roseman

Experimental Set-up Conductive AFM tip Bias Voltage Electric field In. As QD (2 nd stack) Tunnel barrier 10 nm In. P In. As QD (1 st stack) Tunnel barrier 10 nm In. P In. Ga. As 2 -DEG Sample B

First results of cryogenic electrostatic force spectroscopy on Qdots double dot R. Stomp, Y. Miyahara, P. Grutter

Contacting a nano-dot with a Au wire M. Pumarol, Y. Miyahara S. Studenkin (NRC IMS)

Where will nano make an impact? • Electronics and photonics – molecular electronics, spintronics – photonics – sensors • Materials – ultra-fine powders, composites – harder, more corrosion resistant, dirt/bacteria repellent – green manufacturing, cost effective • Bio-medical – emerging applications (materials, diagnostics, drug delivery. . . ) – biomedical research tools (labeling, nanotools applied to biomed ) – biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

New materials: non-permeable, selfcleaning, anti-septic, . . . Air-D-Fense (In. Mat, New Jersey): nanoclay/butyl thin film 3000 fold decreased permeability Lotus leaf (artificial): nm sized hydrophobic wax size: water rolls (not slides) -> cleans sol-gel based technique -> on market Self-cleaning plastic, textiles: CNT stabilized enzymes in polymer Textiles with ‘Stain Defender’ Ceramic Coatings: (Inframat) No barnacles on ship hulls: reduced drag

Nano materials in labeling Basis: size dependent emission color of Zn. S capped Cd. Se nano particles • High throughput multiplexed assays (‘nano bar code’) • Optical tracking on a cellular level with tagged Cd. Se quantum dots: which gene is active?

Nanobiotechnology: the next ueber-hype ? ? ?

Nano. Bio. Technology • NOT more cleverly packed, sub-m arrays • NOT microtechnology scaled to nano • NOT macromolecular chemistry • So - what is it ? ? ?

Nanobiotechnology • Emerging applications: – new drugs and drug delivery systems – new materials • Biomedical research tools: – nano materials for labeling & diagnostics – tools of nanoscience applied to biomed • Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

Nanobiotechnology - examples • Emerging applications: – new drugs – new materials • Biomedical research tools: – nano materials for labeling & diagnostics – tools of nanoscience applied to biomed • Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

Potential new drugs • Cyclic peptides assemble into hollow, nanometer sized pipes. • These tube forming rings punch holes into (negatively charged) microbe membranes (nanobiotics). Ghadri et al. Nature 412, 452 (2001)

Potential new drugs & drug delivery systems • Nanoshells of gold (tagged if necessary) can be heated from outside of body by IR, thus releasing drugs locally and controlled • Makes use of high optical density of agglomerates

Nanobiotechnology - examples • Emerging applications: – new drugs – new materials • Biomedical research tools: – nano materials for labeling & diagnostics – tools of nanoscience applied to biomed • Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

Nano materials in screening • Polymer microspheres filled with different intensity ratios of color coding nanoparticles • Each sphere is tagged with a different receptor /ligand/antibody/DNA strand, . . . Han et al. , Nature Biotech 19, 631 (2001)

Nanobiotechnology - examples • Emerging applications: – new drugs – new materials • Biomedical research tools: – nano materials for labeling & diagnostics – tools of nanoscience applied to biomed • Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

Live Cell Imaging: • Smooth muscle cell from rat trachea. • The contractile dynamics are relevant in the study of asthma. Time-lapse sequence after contraction stimulation (~20 min/frame). Images are 50 x 50 mm. B. Smith, B. Tolosko, J. Martin, P. Grutter

DNA ‘unwinding’ AFM probe Au surface Nature - DNA replication, polymerization Experiment - AFM force spectroscopy

Anselmetti et. al. Single Mol. 1, 58 (2000)

Stimulation of Single Ligand-Gated Ion Channels Natural Process: Synaptic Transmission Experiment: Ligand-functionalized AFM tip Goal: To study channel gating kinetics and binding forces, while maintaining precise control of agonist location.

Nanobiotechnology - examples • Emerging applications: – new drugs – new materials • Biomedical research tools: – nano materials for labeling & diagnostics – tools of nanoscience applied to biomed • Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

Biotechnology applied to Nanoscience • Better materials (e. g. Abalone shell) • Positioning of parts (e. g. DNA scaffolding) • Growing of wires, magnetic particles, …

Synthesis of Branched Metal. DNA conjugates Branching scaffold units for the construction of geometrically controlled nanostructures Oligonucleotide F. Mathieu, H. Sleiman (Chemistry Mc. Gill)

Nano Technology Nanotechnology is at its infancy, still rather quite primitive!

Nano Technology Nanotechnology is at its infancy, still rather quite primitive! some of the issues: • • • Science! Scaling Laws? Statistics? Better function? Throughput? • Cost? • Systems integration? • Environmental impact? • Social acceptance? • Ethics?

Nanoscience -> Nanotechnology crystal ball gazing! New tools: Nanomaterials: Nanoelectronics: Nanobio/nanomed: NOW 0 -5 years 15 -20 years 20 -30 years

Nano: Renaissance Science size solid state physics & engineering nm nm biology chemistry now! time

Nanotools Facility

Why will gray goo remain fiction? • Contradicts many well-established laws of physics and chemistry: – fat finger problem – sticky finger problem – stability problem (positional and chemical) – (see R. Smalley, Sci. Amer. Sept 2001, p. 76) • Challenges: – communication macro-nano – surface - volume effects