NANOTECHNOLOGY COOPERATION BETWEEN THE DEVELOPING AND ADVANCED COUNTRIES

NANOTECHNOLOGY: COOPERATION BETWEEN THE DEVELOPING AND ADVANCED COUNTRIES N. M. Butt and K. Yaldram Preston Institute of Nano Science and Technology (PINSAT). Preston University, Islamabad. Pakistan. ( e-mail: nmbutt 36@yahoo. com). ****** Paper presented at: ASEPS: Asia-Europe Physics Summit. Tskuba. Japan. 24 -26 March 2010.

Evolution of Technologies Pico/Femto Technology 3000 2 2

http: //www. directionsmag. com 3 3

“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” Richard P. Feynman December 1959 The classic talk that Richard Feynman gave on December 29 th 1959 at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) § I would like to describe a field, in which little has been done, but in which an enormous amount can be done in principle. § Furthermore, a point that is most important is that it would have an enormous number of technical applications. § What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale 4 4

§ Why can’t we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin? § Let’s see what would be involved. The head of a pin is a sixteenth of an inch across. If you demagnify it by 25, 000 diameters, the area of the head of the pin is then equal to the area of all the pages of the Encyclopedia Britannica. Therefore, all it is necessary to do is to reduce in size all the writing in the Encyclopedia by 25, 000 times. Is that possible? The resolving power of the eye is about 0. 2 mm – that is roughly the diameter of one of the little dots on the fine halftone reproductions in the Encyclopedia. This, when you demagnify it by 25, 000 times, is still 80 angstroms (8 nm) in diameter – 32 atoms across, in an ordinary metal. 5 5

Nanotechnology? “Nanotechnology is defined as the study, the control and the use of materials and material structures between 1 nanometer (nm) and 100 nanometers and making devices out of these. 1 nm is one billionth of a meter and the human hair/ paper sheet , is about 80, 000 nm thick. ****** 6 6

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0. 1 nm 8 8

Milestones (Summarized) • • • • 1959 1974 1981 1985 1986 1987 1988 1991 1993 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Feynman’s lecture on “Plenty of room at the bottom” First patent filed on Molecular Electronic Device Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) invented Bucky balls discovered Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) invented First single-electron transistor created First ‘designer protein’ created Carbon nanotubes discovered First nanotechnology lab in the US DNA-based nanomechanical device created Molecular-scale computer switch created US launches National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) Logic gate made entirely from nanotubes EU program focuses heavily on Nanotechnology in Health Care US president Bush signs Nanotechnology Act 9 9

Nanotechnology A nanometer (nm) is one billionth (10 -9) of a meter Thickness of a human hair 80, 000 nm Nanometer: 10 -9 m = 10 x 10 -10 m = 10 atoms in a line (one atom, 2 He 4 10 -10 m 0. 1 nm) Sub-Nanometer Sizes: Electron Proton Electron 1. 986 x 10 -18 m 2 x 10 -9 nm Proton 10 -15 m 10 -6 nm Neutron 10 -6 nm 1/1, 000 nm) Neutron Helium Atom, 2 He 4 Size : 0. 1 nm 10 10

Nano Characterization Techniques XRD TEM SPM AFM SIMS NMR EPR Dynamic Light Scattering IR/Raman microscopy X-Ray microscopy To. F Crystallography Neutron Scattering 11 11

Colin L. Powell Former Secretary of State United States Government Remarks to the 139 th Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences 10 a. m. Tuesday, April 30, 2002 Washington, D. C. Ø “Indeed, new avenues of scientific research may produce technologies as revolutionary in their security, economic and social implications as information technology has been since the mid-1980 s. One area of biotechnical research alone, nanotechnology, could have enormous implications -- some thrilling, others chilling -- on terrorism, defence, health, development and the world economy”.

TONY BLAIR'S SPEECH ON BRITISH SCIENCE THURSDAY MAY 23, 2002 “The current work in nanoscience - manipulating and building devices atom by atom - is startling in its potential. From this we now see emerging nanotechnology. Programmable and controllable microscale robots will allow doctors to execute curative and reconstructive procedures in the human body at the cellular and molecular level. Visionaries in this field talk about machines the size of a cell that might, for example, identify and destroy all the cancerous cells in a body. Nanomachines might target bacteria and other parasites, dealing with tuberculosis, malaria and antibiotic-resistant bacteria”. 13

President Clinton, 2000 The National Nanotechnology Initiative In his speech proposing the NNI, President Clinton (2000) invoked this vision on Feynman’s home ground: My budget supports a major new National Nanotechnology Initiative, worth $500 million. Caltech is no stranger to the idea of nanotechnology —the ability to manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular level. More than 40 years ago, Caltech’s own Richard Feynman asked, “What would happen if we could arrange the atoms one by one the way we want them? 14 14

Russian Budget For Nanotechnology The Russian government would allocate 200 billion rubles ($7. 7 billion) to develop nanotechnology until 2015 and transfer to the state corporation 130 billion rubles ($5 billion) by the end of this year. As of now, the government has invested about 150 billion rubles ($5. 76 billion) in different nanotechnology studies including weapons projects. In 2007, 12 billion rubles ($461 million) has been appropriated for the development of nanotechnologies, an incredible sum by Russian standards i. e. more than 5 times allocated for this purpose in 2006. This year's nanotechnologies budget of Russia is comparable to USA, European Union and Japan. Source: http: //en. rian. ru/russia/20070723/69482473. html, 23 rd July, 2007 15 15

GLOBAL IMPACT • Application of fundamental discoveries have developed multibillion dollars product lines. • Potential of 1 -2 trillion dollar market by 2015. • 2500 nanoproducts already in the market by Nov 2009. • Another“Industrial Revolution” in the making. • Profound effect on the socio-economic scenario of the world for 40 -50 - years. 16

INVESTMENT IN NANOTECHNOLOGY (2008) Country S. No. 1 USA, NNI (www. nano. gov) Funding $m 1, 444. 2(2008), $m 1, 527. 0(2009), $m 1. 65 (2010) [8. 3 b $ SINCE 2001 -2007] $m 1, 200( 2008) 3. 5 b € [2007 -2013] $m 500 (in 2008)* 2 EU 3 Germany 4 France $m 210 ( in 2008)* 5 Japan $m 380 ( in 2008)* 6 China 8 RUSSIA (2008) $m 5, 000 (7. 7 b$ up to 2015) 10 TAIWAN (Market value) $m 578( in 2008)* 11 INDIA (2008) $m 255 12 PAKISTAN (2008) Iran $m 15 $m 50 13 (www. nanowerk. com) Over 300 organizations ($m 906( in 2006 ). (www. nanowerk. com) (Investintaiwan. nat. gov) (www. scidev. net) *MINI IGT, Nanotechnology: Materials UK. 2010( www. matuk. co. uk). 17

Market Volume (€ billion) Exponential Market Growth for Nanotech Products 18 18

http: //www. nanotechnology. com 19 19

Applications of Nanotechnology i. Medical and Health Care: ii. Energy: iii. Anti-cancer drugs, Bio-sensors, Implants, Dental Pastes/Ortho Solar cell, Fuel cell, Bio-fuels, Batteries Automobiles: Lubricants, Glass Coatings, Resins, Phosphors iv. Industry: v. Computer/Information Technology: /Communications: Auto, Ceramic, Insulation, Phosphors, Hard Materials, Mechanical, Spray, Sensors Bio-molecules as transistors, Large memories, Nanoelectronics vi. Defence: Special Materials, Censors, Intelligent Clothing 20

Applications of Nanotechnology Continued Cosmetics: Skin Creams , Anti aging creams viii. Food & Agriculture: Food Safety, Quality Assurance, water purification ix. Water Treatment: Nanofilteration , Clean drinking and Waste water x. Environment: Filters, anti toxicants , nanocatalysts for oil spills xi. Textiles: Special clothes , wrinkle and stain free, antimicrobial socks xii. Sports: Sunglasses, Hockey sticks , Rackets, Tennis and Golf balls xiii. Aerospace: Communications, High strength light weight materials Xiv. Oil and Gas Exploration: Vii. 50% increase in extraction from existing oil wells by using nanotechnology techniques. 21

Why nano will change the properties of materials? Example: Smaller size means larger surface area Diameter: 10 µm Area: 0. 22 m 2/g 50 nm diameter 44 m 2/g 22 22

Why nano will change the properties of materials? Smaller size means larger surface area Sphere S/V • Volume, V = 4/3 π R 3 • Surface Area, S = 4πR 2 • Ratio S/V = 3 /R α 1/R 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 For He atom, 2 R = 0. 1 nm. S/V = 6 × 1010 R 0. 5 1 2 3 R 4 5 R S/V 3 1 2 1. 5 1 3 0. 5 6 0. 25 12 0. 125 24 23 23

Nano Gears • Two Fullerene Nano-gears with multiple teeth. It is hoped that products can be constructed made of thousands of tiny machines that could self-repair and adapt to their environment. • Researchers have simulated gear teeth by attaching benzyne molecules to the outside of a nanotube. • To "drive" the gears, a supercomputer simulated a laser that served as a motor • Nanotubes are molecular-sized pipes made of carbon atoms 24

Carbon Nanotubes • Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a new form of • • carbon, equivalent to two dimensional graphene sheet rolled into a tube Two main types of nanotubes are, - Single-Walled Nanotubes (SWNTs) and - Multi-Walled Nanotubes (MWNTs). Tensile strength ~ 200 Giga Pascal, ideal for reinforced composites and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) Metallic or semiconducting and offers amazing possibilities to create future nanoelectronics devices, circuits, and computers Nanotubes are based on carbon or other elements. These systems consist of graphitic layers seamlessly wrapped into cylinders. 25

Nanosensor Requirement Electronic noses: a chemical sensing system that contains an array of several different types of sensors, where each element measures a different property of the sensed chemical Applications • Detecting hazardous emissions from chemical plants • Detection and control of automobile emissions • Odor control in chemical and food processing • Discrimination of breath alcohol constituents 26

Computer / Information Technology Nanoelectronics: Biomolecules IT: Large density information 1012 Next generation computer chips Large electro chromic devices Nano-computers with molecular machines will allow almost anything to be designed and made from inexpensive raw materials, such as, air, sunlight or even dirt. • Specific magnetic properties for magnetic recording • High erosion resistance • • • 27

Saving Energy through advanced Nanomaterials Ø Saving energy through the use of nano materials and the current $1. 6 billion dollar market, predicted to rise to $5. 1 billion by 2014. Ø Despite advances in battery technology, hydrogen storage and fuel cells, energy saving technologies will exhibit a faster growth. Ø Solid state lighting, nanocomposite materials, aerogels and fuel borne catalysts will have the greatest impact between now and 2014 Ø Applications in transportation will increase to $50 billion by 2014. 28

The Nano Revolution in Materials • This new science of the small has brought to market self-cleaning windows, smogeating concrete and toxin-sniffing nanosensors. • 300 nanoengineered products are now commercially available; $32 billion worth of them were sold last year, with sales expected to top $1 -2 trillion by 2015. • Nanoscientists are creating revolutionary materials like single atom thick coatings, carbon nanotubes up to 50 times stronger than steel (yet 10 times lighter), and quantum dots that could enable us to change the color of almost any object instantaneously. Source: ARCHITECT Magazine, May 1, 2007 29

Quantum Computers • Based on Quantum Bits (Qubits) • Nanofabricated Chips – 35 nm gate length in 2015 – 64 GB DRAMS • Quantum Switch Based Computing • Biomolecular & Molecular Electronics • Potential to perform certain calculations billions of times faster than any silicon-based computer • Possible time frame 2020

FROM PHYSICS TO A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY SCIENCE Ø Feynman a physicist Noble Laureate provided the vision of nanotechnology in 1959. Ø Quantum Mechanics provides the basics of understanding the physical phenomena at nano scale. Ø With development of TEM, STM, AFM in the 1980’s nanotechnology impacted other fields. Ø It is now a multi-disciplinary science/ technology 31

Nanotechnology is Multidisciplinary Electrical Engineering Physics Mechanical Engineering Nanotechnology Chemistry Information Technology Material Science Biology 32

BRIDGING THE DIVIDE BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING NATIONS Ø R&D in nanotechnology covers a wide spectrum of applications. Ø Developed nations can focus on the high end, cutting edge R&D and technologies i. e. , defence, space exploration, cancer research etc. Ø Developing countries can focus on (i) Applications to existing Exporting /national priority Industries and (ii) low end applications i. e. , water purification, construction industry etc. Ø There is a large grey area where collaboration between the two can generate optimum results. i. e. , oil & gas exploration, food & agriculture etc. 33

WHY TO BRIDGE THIS DIVIDE 1. Sharing the Expertise of Talented persons of developing countries. 2. Utilising the raw materials available in developing countries. 3. Export of Nanotechnology/High technology to Developing countries 4. Common influence of Nanotechnology on socio-economic factors of both Advanced and Developing countries 34

Research Projects Following research projects in Pakistan are being carried out in various organizations/institutions, evaluated and recommended by NCNST No. Project Institution Rs million Funded by i. Synthesis and Characterization PIEAS 60 HEC ii. Nano-magnetism QAU 137 HEC iii. Micro/Nano electronic devices CIIT 189 HEC iv. Nano-Composites GIK 195 HEC v. Nano-biotechnology NIBGE 155 Mo. ST vi. Nano-devices, L. E. D. etc PINSTECH 196 Mo. ST Total (US$ 15 million): 932 35

Nanotechnology R & D in Pakistan • • • Nanocomposites: Copper-Carbon Composites using Multi-Wall Carbon Tubes (MWCT) Prof. Fazal A. Khalid, M. Bashir, GIK, Topi Nanotechnology Products of Various Oxides: Rare earth nano oxides Prof. Ikram-ul-Haq, University of Peshawar (a). Synthesis of Biocompatible Gold Particles (b). Development of Nanobiotechnological Research at NIBGE: Functionalization Nanoparticles Dr. Irshad Hussain, NIBGE Nanochemistry of Iron Oxide by Mossbauer Spectroscopy Prof. M. Mazhar, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad Nano Research at Microelectronics Research Centre : Non-volatile memory devices, Magnetic Tunnel Junction Device Prof. Shahzad Naseem, Punjab University, Lahore Nanoscience at Department of Physics CIIT, Islamabad: Quantum dot and thin films Dr. Arshad Saleem Bhatti, CIIT, Islamabad Influence of Rate of Deposition on the Dewetting: Characterization of Nano-clusters Shaista Babar and A. S. Bhatti, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Nanotechnology Research at PIEAS: Mesoporous alumina Dr. Mazhar Mehmood, PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad

Nanotechnology Education in Pakistan B. S( 4 year) Degree ****** First initiative in Pakistan

DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE Ø Subject of nanotechnology being introduced in BS and MS curriculum in developed nations. Ø Some universities also offering degrees in nanotechnology. Ø Huge investment in R&D in this field by advanced countries. Ø In Pakistan, Preston University has initiated a 4 year BS degree course in Nanotechnology. The first of its kind in Pakistan. 38

ntinued Ø Already there is a big job market in universities, R&D organizations and industry in the developed nations. Ø As industries adopt nanotechnologies there is also a big potential for jobs in developing countries. Ø It is expected that the job market will keep expanding for the next 40 -50 years. Ø Potential for 1 -2 trillion jobs by 2015. 39

PINSAT OBJECTIVES BS (4 Years) Degree Programme Liaison with Industries Direct and Strong Liaison with industries in this field Workshops/ Conferences • Nanomedicines / Health care • Environment • Agriculture • Electronics • Textiles • Sports goods • Computer industry • Pharmaceutics R & D Work FUNDS AND GRANTS: · National PSF/ HEC/ Mo. ST · International IDB/ EU/ IDRC TRAINING: ·Technical Training of Manpower as per Requirement Legal, Ethical Moral & Societal Issues Public Awareness and Challenges / hazards

CONCLUSION Ø Cooperation to execute joint research projects / conferences/workshops etc. , on Nanotechnology. Ø Exchange of scientists /literature of nanotechnology Ø Allocation of specific funds for nanotechnology. Ø “Committee on Nanotechnology for Europe and Asia (CONEA) “, for implementation of above recommendations. 41

Ø Microplane-Shanghai Nanotech Inst. Helicopter Demonstration. MPG Ø Micro pump-Shanghai Nanotech Inst. Demonstration. MPG Ø Microreducer- Shanghai Nanotech Inst. Demonstration. MPG Ø Nanobot_vir_caution. wmv 42

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