Nanotechnology and Environmental Protection I Introduction ShuChi Chang

Nanotechnology and Environmental Protection I. Introduction Shu-Chi Chang, Ph. D. , P. E. , P. A. Assistant Professor 1 and Division Chief 2 1 Department of Environmental Engineering 2 Division of Occupational Safety and Health, Center for Environmental Protection and Occupational Safety and Health National Chung Hsing University 9/16/2008

Outline n n Instructor’s background Course overview and grading policy n n Overview of this course Grading policy Textbook and references Introduction of Nanotechnology and Environmental Protection

Instructor’s background n n Ph. D. , Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, U. S. A. (Ranked at the 3 rd place in 2008) Award n n n Government Scholarship: Sole grantee in Environmental Engineering in year 2000. Professional qualification n PE, Environmental Engineering (1989) n PE, Industrial Safety Engineering (1997) n CPA, ISO 14000 (1996, Naville & Clark) n CPA, ISO 9000 (1997, Mercedes-Benz) Professional Expertise n Environmental microbiology and nanobiotechnology (8 years) n Bioremediation of contaminated soils and groundwater (6 years) n Integrated quality, environmental, safety, and health management ( 5 year)

Dissertational Research n n Rapid detection and enumeration of mycobacteria in metalworking fluids: technology development and validation Tools n n n Flow cytometry Fluorescent antibody and nucleic acid dyes Functionalized magnetic nanoparticle (dia. 25 nm and 60 nm) Statistical data analysis Contributions n n n Shortened assay time by more than 95% Single colony-forming-unit sensitivity ~98% specificity Good correlation over 4 orders of magnitude Can effectively reduce health hazards and environmental burdens

Extended Research n n Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes Nano-emulsion: novel industrial fluid formulations Flow-Genomics™: an ultrasensitive and high-throughput single molecule detection platform Instantaneous characterization of microbial ecosystems: rapid identification of structural and functional roles of numerous microorganisms in a microbial ecosystem Award: Ms. Hsin-Yue Chen won the “Outstanding Research Award” granted by NSC, Taiwan.

Others n University of Michigan Dioxin Exposure Study (UMDES) n n Soil, blood, dust, and questionnaire Data analysis n n n Modeling Pattern analysis Exposure pathway modeling Flow Genomics. TM Microbial fuel cell n Environmental impact of nano-materials (EINM)

Bioremediation experience n n Expert system programmer (Bioremediation Advisor) Investigation n n Remediation n n Soil sampling and analysis Groundwater sampling and analysis Soil gas sampling and analysis Off-site remediation On-site remediation In-situ remediation (pioneered the in-situ air sparging bioremediation in Taiwan) Technology transfer n Speaker for a session on in-situ bioremediation technology transfer to Chinese Petroleum Corporation, Taiwan

Expert system illustration Original fact pool 1 Evolved fact pool 2 Evolved fact pool 3 Evolved fact pool n Rule base or Evolved Rulebase or knowledge base 1

Contaminated site

Drilling and sampling

Pilot study

Current Research n Applications of nanoemulsions n n n Bioremediation of chlorinated solvent contaminated sites Sustainable industrial fluid Growth enhancer Magnetite nanoparticle synthesis for arsenic removal Environmental microfluidics n n Single cell packaging High throughput genomic study platform

Overview of this course (1) n Teaching goals n n To gain basic understanding of nanotechnology. To review the technical areas of environmental protection To learn the current applications to environmental engineering and energy engineering To be familiar with the possible environmental impacts due to nanomaterials

Overview of this course (2) n Main topics n n n n Short history of nanotechnology Basic rules about the nano-world Fabrication and characterization of nanomaterials Nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes Nano-Sensors Ecological impacts of nanomaterials Nanotechnology application to remediation, adsorption, and membrane processes Micro- and nano-fluidics

Overview of this course (3) n Style n Fact and engineering oriented n n n Understanding first, memorization second Quantification and calculation is necessary Group learning and communication n n A short group oral presentation A group term project and presentation

Grading policy n n n All lectures, assignments and exams will be in English. Short oral presentation has to be in English. However, questions, term paper, and homework are allowed to be finished in either Chinese or English. Homework will be handed out probably every three weeks and a term paper will be assigned to each group of students, usually 3 students in a group. Each group will also give a short presentation apart from the term project presentation. Composition of final score n n n Homework assignments: 10%, zero score for late submission. Short group oral presentation (15 minutes): 10% Term paper (Research proposal) + presentation: 25%, 7 pages min and 10 pages max, not including references. Font in size 12 and double spaced. References should be no less than 7 citations. Preferably in English. Midterm: 25% and Final: 25% Participation: 5% Best Proposal Award: extra credit 5 points. (highest score 99)

Group learning and presentation n Why n n Promotion of team spirit and interaction Chance to investigate the topic you are most interested in environmental nanotechnology or environmental problems associated with nanomaterials Getting familiar with the format of research proposal writing and oral presentation in an international symposium. Environmental professionals need better communication skills than any other engineering disciplines

Schedule Week Date Topic 1 9/16 Overview of this course 2 9/23 Nanotechnology and the Environment (I) 3 9/30 Nanotechnology and the Environment (II) 4 10/7 Nanotechnology and energy, and Nanomaterial fabrication (I) 5 10/14 Nanomaterial fabrication (II) 6 10/21 Structural characterization of nanomaterials 7 10/28 Chemical characterization of nanomaterials 8 11/4 Midterm Exam (in-class, 2 hour exam) 9 11/11 Nanomaterial toxicity assessment 10 11/18 Nanomaterials for groundwater remediation 11 11/25 Membrane processes and adsorption 12 12/2 Environmental impacts of nanomaterials 13 12/9 Life-cycle assessment of nanomaterials (oral presentation) 14 12/16 Nanoemulsion for remediation (oral presentations) 15 12/23 Microfluidics for medical and environmental applications (oral presentation) 16 12/30 Quantum dots (oral presentation) 17 1/6 Group term project presentation

Textbook and references Textbook n n References n n n Wiesner & Bottero, 2007. Environmental Nanotechnology. Mc. Graw Hill Companies, New York, NY. (Not required) Course pack (handouts) Course slides (on-line available with password) Current journal articles (on-line available through http: //lib. nchu. edu. tw ) For lecturing slides, please refer to http: //web. nchu. edu. tw/pweb/users/shucc

Office hours and others n Office hours: n n n Thursday: 12 pm (noon) ~ 1 pm Other time: by appointment Lab tour: electron microscope lab in NCHU (TBA)

Introduction to this course: “Nanotechnology and Environmental Protection” Shu-Chi Chang, Ph. D. , P. E. , P. A. Assistant Professor 1 and Division Chief 2 1 Department of Environmental Engineering 2 Division of Occupational Safety and Health, Center for Environmental Protection and Occupational Safety and Health National Chung Hsing University 9/16/2008

Outline n n n n What is nanotechnology What is environmental protection The interface between nanotechnology and environmental protection Environmental applications of nanotech Environmental impacts of nanotech A hands-on preparation on nanostructured surface Summary

What is nanotehnology？ n n Dimension < 100 nm Dr. Feynman’s talk on nanotechnology Dr. Drexler’s book: “Nanosystems” Dr. Smalley’s Fullerene and Nano-energy

There’s plenty of room at the bottom n n The beginning of nanotehnology: Dr. Feynman’s talk --“What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale. ” (12/29/1959 at Caltech) Questions: n n n Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin? (write and read) Physical way to chemical synthesis Learn from and incorporate with biological entities http: //www. zyvex. com/nanotech/feynman. html

There’s plenty of room at the bottom n Other possibilities n n n n n Stored in 5 5 5 atoms as a bit as DNA stored one bit in about 50 atoms Better electron microscope with resolution at <0. 1 nm to see single atom Tiny robots to do what we want them to do Making computer with line width at around 40 nm. How about chemical vapor deposition (CVD)? Lubrication of tiny cars as small as 0. 5 mm Swallow the surgeon into your body Nano mass production Bottom-up synthesis -> LED light Quantum dots?

There’s plenty of room at the bottom n Two high school prizes n n $1, 000 to the first guy who can take the information on the page of a book and put it on an area 1/25, 000 smaller in linear scale in such manner that it can be read by an electron microscope. another $1, 000 to the first guy who makes an operating electric motor---a rotating electric motor which can be controlled from the outside and, not counting the lead-in wires, is only 1/64 inch cube. http: //www. zyvex. com/nanotech/feynman. html

Overview (Cont’d) n Who is Dr. Feynman? n n Awards n Noble Prize Winner in 1965 n Albert Einstein Award (1954, Princeton) n Lawrence Award (1962). Distinguished achievements in Quantum Electrodynamics His research question actually started from his undergraduate study in MIT. Very good at making complex things simple and popularize science to common audience. http: //www. zyvex. com/nanotech/feynman. html

Drexler’s Nanosystems n Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation n Contents Preface Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview n PART I. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES n n n n n Chapter Chapter 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Classical Magnitudes and Scaling Laws Potential Energy Surfaces Molecular Dynamics Positional Uncertainty Transitions, Errors, and Damage Energy Dissipation Mechanosynthesis n PART II. COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS n n n n Chapter 9. Nanoscale Structural Components Chapter 10. Mobile Interfaces and Moving Parts Chapter 11. Intermediate Subsystems Chapter 12. Nanomechanical Computational Systems Chapter 13. Molecular Sorting, Processing, and Assembly Chapter 14. Molecular Manufacturing Systems PART III. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES n n Chapter 15. Macromolecular Engineering Chapter 16. Paths to Molecular Manufacturing

Molecular machinery (1) n A pump selective for neon http: //www. ipt. arc. nasa. gov/gallery. html Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (www. imm. org).

Molecular machinery (2) n A Molecular Differential Gear Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (www. imm. org).

Molecular machinery (3) n A Fine-Motion Controller for Molecular Assembly Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (www. imm. org).

Motion of bacterial flagellum

Dr. Smalley’s argument n n The scientist first synthesized fullerene, C 60. Drexler's work on nanotechnology was criticized as naive by Nobel Prize winner Richard Smalley in a 2001 Scientific American article Nobel laureate in 1996 Died at 62 years old in 2005.

Growth of nanotechnology n Nanotech is selling n n n Intel is shipping <100 nm line-width CPU chips Hard drives LED-based traffic signals CD players Low-friction coating A irritating news about C 60

Growth of nanotechnology n n Fear: this tech has been growing too fast. Size matters n n Surface atoms dominate Optical behavior and chemical reactivity NNI quadrupled its budget on nanotech since 2000. Nanotech economy -> 1 trillion in 2012

Growth of nanotechnology n n n n Repeat of asbestos nightmare Environmental toxicity? C 60 may be very good solar cell substrate and may also convert oxygen and others into radicals More and more evidences showed that nanomaterials do show high toxicity to some animals and human cells Funding situation Predictive models are not adequate Labeling on products

Environmental protection n Environmental health as endpoint n n n Human health Ecosystem health Areas n n n Toxicology: human body Surface water: waste water and drinking water Air: dispersion and deposition Soil: vadose zone Groundwater: aquifer, saturated with water

Interface Air Soil Nanotechnology Groundwater Surface water

Environmental applications n n n n Adsorption Membrane processes Groundwater remediation Nanoenergy Biosensors Micro- and nano-fluidics Nanoemulsion and nanosensor

Adsorption n Basic principles Nanoparticles offer >100 m 2/g specific surface area Superparamagnetism for magnetically assisted chemical separation (MACS)

Membrane processes

Groundwater remediation n Zero valent iron Biogenic iron oxide Iron oxide synthesized in solution phase

Nanoenergy Reactive oxygen species n Solar cells n n n Generate hydrogen from water by using nanoparticles ROS production by fullerene

Biosensors n n n n Thin film (monolayer) Micro-cantilever Magnetic nanoparticles Quantum dots Nanowire Hydro-gel Biofunctionalized nanoparticels Components and total analysis system

Microscopes n n Light microscope Electron microscope www. icob. sinica. edu. tw/pubweb/facility. htm Image Courtesy: Scott Robinson, ITG - Beckman Institute

Nanoemulsion n n n n Novel industrial fluids Drug delivery Nanoemulsion vaccine Nanoemulsion on tumor cells Cosmetics Remediation Heat conductor Microreactor for nanomaterial synthesis

Novel industrial fluids n Hypothesis n n Metastability Ostwald ripening Biodegradability at different ranges of droplet sizes Size matters n n n Better stability -> longer shelf life Low turbidity -> easier optical detection Smaller size -> higher frequency of collision-> may also have higher fusion rate

Drug delivery

Nanoemulsion vaccine

Nanoemulsion on tumor cells

Cosmetics

Remediation

Heat conductor

Make your own nanosurface n Materials n n n A A paper cup small amount of water lighter candle Steps Observation

The nanosurface image Most of the soot particles’ diameters range from 100 to 200 nm

Nanostructure on lotus leaf upload. wikimedia. org http: //www. informaworld. com/

Self-cleaning materials http: //www. sciam. com/article. cfm? id=self-cleaning-materials

Conclusions n n n Nanotechnology is growing fast Funding in environmental impacts and toxicity is still low comparing with funding to nanotech development There are great potentials for environmental engineering application and cleaner energy generation