Nanotechnologies for Environmental Benefit Jim Tankersley Research Scientist

Nanotechnologies for Environmental Benefit Jim Tankersley, Research Scientist Battelle Memorial Institute Wednesday, April 27 th 2004 NDIA 30 th Environmental and Energy Symposium and Exhibition

Introduction • One nanometer = a billionth of a meter = 1/75, 000 th the width of human hair • Signals the possibility of significant and dramatic advances in Ø biotechnology (health) Ø defense Ø information storage and processing Ø cosmetics Ø coatings Ø displays Ø batteries Ø fuel cells Ø electronics and more

A Brief History of Nanotechnology • In 1959, Richard Feynman of Cal. Tech gave a talk entitled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom. “ • "Carbon exists in two allotropic forms, graphite and diamond" • In the 1980 s/90 s, a team led by Feynman Richard Smalley manipulated Carbon atoms to create Fullerenes (“Buckyballs”) Smalley

Current State of Nanotechnology • (1999) President Clinton announces National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) ØFirst formal government program to accelerate the pace of research, development and commercialization of nanoscale applications. • (2001) European Union approved budget > € 16 B ($20 B) for R&D under EU Framework Programme. ØNanotechnology, a major theme and priority, was slated to receive nearly 10% of this funding allocation. • Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, China, Israel and Switzerland have all begun similar measures ØShaping up to be the first truly “global” race of the 21 st century

Funding History of the NNI FY 2001 (Year 1) Department/Agency FY 2002 (Year FY 2003 (Year 2) 3) Appropriation Request Appropriation Actual DOD 110 123 180 201 DOE 93 87. 95 91. 1 139. 3 1. 4 DOT (FAA) 0 2 2 EPA 5 5 5 DOJ 2/4/02 total 20 22 NIH 39 39. 6 40. 8 43. 2 NIST 10 33. 4 37. 6 43. 8 NSF 150 199 221 Total 422 46 total NASA USDA 22 2/4/02 22 51 1. 5 0 2. 5 463. 85 578. 9 604. 4 678. 7 710. 2

Do. D Funding History of Nanotechnology FY 2001 (Actual) 6. 1 DUSD -Research 36 DARPA 28 Army 6 Air Force 6 Navy 31 Total 107 FY 2002 (Current Plan) 6. 2/6. 3 6. 1 6. 2/6. 3 26 12 4 16 FY 2003 (Request) 6. 1 6. 2/6. 3 28 - 9 88 11 90 18 2 18 5 8 7 13 5 21 1 26 5 82 98 96 105

Historical Environmental Uses of Nanotechnology • Carbon Black • Photography • Petrochemical Industry • Food & Drink Packaging ØRetard Spoilage ØExtend Shelf Life

Environmental Nanotechnology Today • Environmental research has focused on remediation efforts and contaminant treatment Ø Nanoscale bimetallic particles & in situ remediation Ø Undesirable byproducts (dichloroethylenes, vinyl chloride) • Increase efficiencies of current methods • Photosensitive nanoparticles Ø Ecopaint • Nanoscale metallic particles • Chlorinated Hydrocarbons benign hydrocarbons Ø PCBs, some pesticides, and halogenated solvents

Emerging Technologies and Nanotechnology • Chemical Sensors ØSingle-walled Nanotube • Human Health & the Environment ØDisinfectant Spray Nanotube

Nanotechnology and Pollution Prevention • Increase efficiencies of manufacturing processes (e. g. , computer chips) • Increased energy efficiency ØEnergy-efficient Lighting (LED Technology) ØGlass Insulation • Solar Cell and Fuel Cell Technology ØPolymer-based Solar Panels ØProton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Technology

Nanotechnology and Pollution Prevention • Nanocomposites ØAutomobile Manufacturing ØHousing Construction ØRemediation of Lead Contamination • Nanotechnology and Coatings ØUltraviolet (UV) curable resins ØResins with low to no VOCs ØControlled-release gel additives for corrosion resistance

Ethical and Political Issues • New environmental problems? ØNew Toxins ØInhalation Hazards • Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology ØMost common irritants <2. 5 mm ØNanoscale ≈ Hemoglobin, Viruses • Public Perception ØAccuracy of Information

Ethical and Political Issues The GMO Experience and Public Relations “The campaign against GMOs was successful despite the lack of sound scientific data demonstrating a threat to society. In fact, I argue that the lack of sufficient public scientific data on GMOs, whether positive or negative, was a controlling factor in the industry's fall from favor. The failure of the industry to produce and share information with public stakeholders left it ill-equipped to respond to GMO detractors. This industry went, in essence, from "wow" to "yuck" to "bankrupt. " There is a powerful lesson here for nanotechnology. ” Testimony of Dr. Vicki L. Colvin Director, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology (CBEN) and Associate Professor of Chemistry Rice University, Houston, Texas before the U. S. House of Representatives Committee on Science in regard to "Nanotechnology Research and Development Act of 2003, " April 9, 2003