NANOMATERIALS FROM BALL MILLING W COURTNEY FEB 7

NANOMATERIALS FROM BALL MILLING W. COURTNEY FEB 7, 2006

APPARATUS • Mater. Sci. Engin. A 206, 1996, 24 w Ar Steel ball Graphite Powder

Chen et al, Phys. Rev. B 48, 1993, 14

Extended Milling Amorphization

Ball Milling time < 1 hours High energy Ball Milling 20 -200 hours Impact energy 0. 001 0. 2 Particle size mm mm (clusters) Structural changes Chemical reactions Atmosphere No Yes No control Vacuum, gases Temperature No control L-N 2 -700 o. C (W/g/ball)

Impact Energy of Vibrating Ball Mill I* = Mb Vmax f Mp Chen et al, Phys. Rev. B 48, 1993, 14

CHEMICAL REACTIONS DURING BALL MILLING Ti (Zr, Fe, B) + NH 3 nano-Ti. N (nano-Zr. N, Fe. N, BN) Ti (Fe, Zr) + nano-Ti. O 2 (nano-Fe. Ox, -Zr. Oy) O 2

Nanotube Precursor created by ball milling Nucleation structures Pentagons Micropores nanosized metal particles Fe, Cr Disordered carbon as C atom source Appl. Phys. A, 76 (2003) p. 107 -110

NANOTUBES CREATED FROM EXTENDED MILLING FOLLOWED BY THERMAL ANNEALING Chen et al, Phys. Rev. B 48, 1993, 14

OTHER REFERENCES • • Guo XM et al. Mechanochemical formation of novel catalyst for preparing carbon nanotubes…. Scripta Materialia. 48(8): 1185 -1188 • • Konya Z. et al, , Large scale production of short functionalized carbon nanotubes. Chemical Physics Letters. 360(5 -6): 429 -435 • • Gao B. et al, Enhanced saturation lithium composition in ball-milled SWNTs. Chemical Physics Letters. 327(1 -2): 69 -75, • • Kim YA. et al. Effect of ball milling on morphology of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes. Chemical Physics Letters. 355(3 -4): 279 -284 • • Pierard N. et al. Production of short carbon nanotubes with open tips by ball milling. Chemical Physics Letters. 335(1 -2): 1 -8, 2001 Feb 16. • • Li YB et al. Transformation of carbon nanotubes to nanoparticles by ball milling process. Carbon. 37(3): 493 -497, 1999.