Nano Lab Physics 4970 Spring 2007 TR 14

Nano. Lab Physics 4970 Spring 2007 TR 14: 30 -16: 20 development funded by a grant from National Science Foundation Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education

The Scale of Things -- Nanometers and More Things Natural Things Manmade 10 -2 m Ant ~5 mm 10 -5 m Red blood cells with white cell ~ 2 -5 mm 10 -6 m ~10 nm diameter ATP synthase The Nanoworld 10 -7 m 10 -8 m 0. 1 mm 100 mm 0. 01 mm 10 mm Infrared The Microworld 10 -4 m Red blood cells Pollen grain 1, 000 nanometers = 1 micrometer Zone plate x-ray “lens” Outermost ring spacing (mm) ~35 nm 0. 1 mm 100 nm 0. 01 mm 10 nm 10 -9 m Nanotube electrode Nanotube transistor Combine nanoscale building blocks to make novel functional devices, e. g. , a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage 1 nanometer (nm) Soft x-ray DNA ~2 -1/2 nm diameter 21 st Century Challenge Visible 200 mm Fly ash ~ 10 -20 mm 1, 000 nanometers = Micro. Electro. Mechanical devices 1 millimeter 10 -100 mm wide (mm) Ultraviolet Dust mite Human hair ~ 10 -50 mm wide Head of a pin 1 -2 mm Microwave 10 -3 m 1 cm 10 mm Atoms of silicon spacing ~tenths of nm 10 -10 m 0. 1 nm Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Carbon nanotube ~2 nm diameter Office of Basic Energy Science Office of Science, U. S. DOE Version 03 -05 -02

Nano Nano milli micro 10 -3 10 -6 Latin micros Greek micros nano 10 -9 Greek nanos pico femto atto 10 -12 10 -15 10 -18 thousand small dwarf Spanish pico Danish/Norwegian femten Danish/Norwegian atten small quantity fifteen eighteen

Why Nano? • electronics – Nanoelectronic smaller faster transistors – molecular scale electronics build electronic circuits with molecules – quantum computing • mechanics – MEMS micro electromechanical systems • accelerometers, nano-guitar – NEMS nano electromechanical systems • molecular motors

Two Different Approaches to Nanofabrication • Top ⇨ Down: Start with the big chunk and cut away material to make the what you want. • Bottom ⇨ Up: Building what you want by assembling it from small prefabricated units such as atoms and molecules.

Today’s Science Fiction Tomorrow’s Technology? • Molecular Nanotechnology – Building functional nanostructures by controlling the placement of molecules – Molecular manufacturing molecular assemblers – examples: nanites (Star Trek, etc. ) • Resources – – Foresight Institute (molecular nanotechnology) Institute for Molecular Manufacturing Zyvex (molecular nanotechnology) Mitre Corp (molecular scale electronics)

Moore’s Law In 1965 Gordon Moore observed that number of transistors per integrated circuit was growing exponentially with time. Doubling every 2 yrs (approximately) Gordon Moore co-founder of Intel Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming more components onto integrated circuits, ” Electronics, 38(8), (19 Apr 1965).

Molecular Scale Electronics Individual molecules serve as electronic components. Molecular Electronic Devices: Can Molecules Perform the Function of Electronic Insulators, Wires and Switches?

The History of Nano. Lab • Nano. Lab was first run during the Aug 2003 intersession. • Development of Nano. Lab is funded by the NSF NUE • The intent is to provide an introduction to nanotechnology that is accessible at the sophomore level. • Does this mean that Nano. Lab dumbed down? NO. – There are many levels of understanding. Is it necessary to be a motorcycle mechanic to ride a motorcycle? – Students are encouraged to pursue understanding of the material to a level where they are comfortable.

What is Nano. Lab • general hands-on experience • Nanotechnology beyond the hype – What is actually involved? • An introduction to our capabilities at OU • Nano. Lab uses active research facilities. • Many of the activities you will do are based on actual ongoing research. TAs have developed and tested the procedures so that they will work in the time allotted.

How is Nano. Lab Graded? (Physics 4970) • • • Attendance Participation Quizzes/Homework Lab reports/presentations (? ) every student/group should keep a lab notebook

Nano. Lab Activities • • • • Electroluminescent Panels (ACTFEL) Atomic scale structure: Crystals & surfaces nanoparticle optics (microscopy, light scattering, absorption) Microscopy (optical & electron, resolution, diffraction limit) Scanning probe microscopy (AFM, STM, nanolithography) X-ray diffraction from ultra fine powders surface modification (single molecule thick layers monolayers) microcontact printing & pattern transfer Ti. O 2 solar cell AAO templated growth Microfluidics Carbon Nanotubes (? ) Field trip to Zyvex & TI Brownian motion, molecular ratchets, and stochastic motors Single nanoparticle microscopy

What Would YOU Like to do? Nano. Lab depends on YOU Please take tell us the following (on paper) • List your interests. • What are some topics you would really like to cover in Nano. Lab? • Do you have experience with techniques that would benefit Nano. Lab?

The Future of Nano. Lab • The future depends on you • We need to hear from you. What are you interests. What did you like? What did you not? • Would you recommend Nano. Lab to your friends? • Should Nano. Lab be repeated?

Useful Approximate Numbers • distance between atoms ~3Å ~ 10– 7. 5 cm (3 x 10– 8 cm ~ 100. 5 x 10– 8 cm = 10– 7. 5 cm) • # atoms/cm ~ 107. 5 • # atoms/cm 2 ~ (107. 5)2 = 1015 • # atoms/cm 3 ~ (107. 5)3 = 1022. 5