NANO 101 EXPLORING THE NANOWORLD Lizzie HagerBarnard Lawrence

NANO 101: EXPLORING THE NANOWORLD Lizzie Hager-Barnard, Lawrence Hall of Science

Topics What is nano? How do properties change at the nanoscale? Are nano products safe? What are some careers related to nanotechnology?

Intro to Nano http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog/media/intro_nano_video

How Small is Nano? http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog/media/how_small_nano_vide

What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at unprecedentedly small scales to create new or improved products that can be used in a wide variety of ways. http: //www. nsf. gov/statistics/seind 12/pdf/c 07. p

Nanotechnology: Small, Different, New Key ideas: 1. The nanometer is extremely small. 2. At the nanometer scale, materials may behave differently. 3. We can harness this new behavior to make new technologies.

Why Nano Education? Drawbacks Not inherently interesting (compared to dinosaurs!) Below visible threshold, younger kids have problems visualizing Unexpected properties Advantages Fun! Breaks down disciplinary boundaries Cutting-edge Relevant to future jobs and careers

Nano Not Widely Understood National Science Board's Science and Engineering Indicators 2012 “ 24% of Americans report having heard ‘a lot’ or ‘some’ about nanotechnology, up four percentage points from 2008 and 2006” “ 44% of Americans report having heard ‘nothing at all’ about nanotechnology” Americans remain largely unfamiliar with nano-technology, despite increased funding and a growing numbers of products on the market that use nanotechnology. http: //www. nsf. gov/statistics/seind 12/pdf/c 07. pdf

An Interdisciplinary Endeavor Chemistry Biology Physics Engineering Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Medicine Biotechnology Materials Science Information Technology

What is Nano?

How Big is a Nanometer? http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

How Big is a Nanometer? In the time it takes to read this sentence, your fingernails will have grown approximately one nanometer (1 nm). www. starling-fitness. com

How Big is a Nanometer? If you could paint a teaspoon of paint one nanometer thick, how much area would it cover? ? Joon Han and Justin Smith / Wikimedia

How Big is a Nanometer? If you could paint a teaspoon of paint one nanometer thick, how much area would it cover? Joon Han, Justin Smith, Kbh 3 rd, The Anomebot, Pete Markham / Wikimedia

How Big is a Nanometer? To cover a football field with a 1 nm thick layer of paint, you would need just 1 teaspoon of paint! Joon Han and Justin Smith / Wikimedia

How Big is a Nanometer? Sugar cubes How many sugar molecules in a sugar cube? What do we need to know (estimate)? Sugar cube = (1 cm)3 1 sugar molecule = (1 nm)3 1021 sugar molecules in a Biswarup sugar cube Ganguly / Wikimedia

Activity: Measure Yourself http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Did Scientists “Create” Nano? No, it was already in nature! centimeters to micrometers http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog nanometers

Smallness Leads to New Properties Sometimes gravity loses! http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Smallness Leads to New Properties Surface area is really important! http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Surface Areas at the Nanoscale 1 cm cubes 1 mm cubes 1 nm cubes http: //www. nano. gov/nanotech-101/special

How Surface Area Scales (Changes) For a fixed total volume, decreasing the radius by a factor of two doubles the surface Crushing a 1 cm particle into nano particles increases the surface area thousands of times! 33

How Surface Area Scales (Changes) 1 nm particles 1010 m 2 1 micron particles 107 m 2 1 cm particles 103 m 2 nano 34

Smallness Leads to New Properties Bulk Aluminum Nano Aluminum Reactivity Melting point Strength Conductivity Color Bulk Gold Nano Gold http: //www. carterrecycling. com/myimages/aluminum_cans. jpg http: //healthewoman. org/2008/11/11/how-healthy-is-yourworkplace/ http: //mrsec. wisc. edu/Edetc/nanolab/gold/images/goldp 6. jpg http: //texasenterprise. org/article/warren-buffet-and-

Nano and Me - Aluminum http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Stained Glass: Size Matters Gold particles http: //www. cas. muohio. edu/nanotech/education/k_12. html http: //www. horiba. com/scientif

Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photon

Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter Particle shape also affects the color! http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Native_gold_nuggets. jpg http: //www. cat. gov. in/technology/laser/lpas/pps. html

Activity: Nano Fabric and Magic Sand http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog http: //www. stevespanglerscience. com/product/magic-sand

Activity: Nano Fabric air water nano-roughened surface http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Zoom into a Lotus Leaf http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Activity: Nano Sunblock http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog Some sunscreen use chemicals Other sunscreens use zinc oxide vitaderminstitute. co

Sunscreens vs Sunblocks, Continued How could sunscreen and sunblock work? Sunscreen/Sunblock Skin Absorption Sunscreen/Sunblock Skin Reflection Transmission 46

Sunscreens vs Sunblocks, Continued How could sunscreen and sunblock work? Sunscreen/Sunblock Skin Absorption Sunscreen/Sunblock Skin Reflection Sunscreen/Sunblock Skin Transmission Sunscreens and sunblocks both usually work through absorption of UV rays 47 Sunblocks are better because they absorb more of the UV rays

Inorganic Sunblocks Absorb UV Better ideal UVB UVA visible 48

Nano Sunblock Traditional zinc oxide sun blocks are very visible vitaderminstitute. com/ Modern zinc oxide sun blocks are fairly invisible after application http: //www. tackletour. com/reviewbluelizard. h

Nano Sunblock Same black: white ratio Can see larger white circles much better http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Nano Sunblock Particles need to be really small to be less noticeable!

Nano Zn. O and Ti. O 2 Reflect Less Light UVB UVA visible ideal 52

Similar to Halftone Printing http: //desktoppub. about. com/od/scanninggraphics/ss/color_to_bw_6. htm

Activity: Gummy Capsules When the liquid droplets come into contact with the salt water, a chemical reaction takes place and creates a polymer. http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

What’s a Polymer? Polymers are made up of many molecules all strung together to form really long chains (and sometimes more complicated structures, too). Examples of polymers Where do you find polymers? http: //pslc. ws/macrog/kidsmac/index. htm

Activity: Graphene http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Forms of Carbon Diamond Graphite Graphene Nanotube Buckyball Phase can be really important! Structure/bonding really affect properties • Diamond is one of the hardest materials • Graphite is soft and slippery; it’s a good lubricant http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Diamond_and_graphite 2. jpg http: //www. intechopen. com/source/html/16991/media/image 2. png

Activity: Mitten Challenge http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Why We Need “Special” Microscopes Can you see nanoscale objects with a regular optical microscope? Let’s say that the smallest object you can resolve with your eyes is about 0. 1 – 0. 2 mm which is 100, 000 – 200, 000 nm With a 100 x objective, you should be able to resolve objects that are 1000 – 2000 nm So, with a 1000 x objective, we should be able to resolve objects that are 100 – 200 nm, right?

Why We Need “Special” Microscopes Can you see nanoscale objects with a regular optical microscope? 100 nm particle Particles on the nanoscale interact differently with light! http: //www. yorktech. com/science/craig/PHS/Graphics/EM_spectrum. jpg

$Diffraction Limit Diffraction Model Affects characterization techniques Also important for photolithography http: //phet. colorado.$

Diffraction Limit Diffraction Model Affects characterization techniques Also important for photolithography http: //phet. colorado. edu/en/simulation/wave-interference http: //cnx. org/content/m 25448/latest/graphics 1. jp

Types of “Special” Microscopes Optical microsco pe Scanning electron microsco pe Transmissi on electron microscop e http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Optical_microscope http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope http: //itg. beckman. illinois. edu/microscopy_suite/equipment/TEM/

Types of “Special” Microscopes Scanning electron microsco pe Transmissi on electron microscop e http: //www. nhm. ac. uk/research-curation/science-facilities/analytical-imaging/high-resolution-sem/ultraplus/examples/index. html http: //www. princeton. edu/~cml/html/research/templated_ceramics. html

Activity: Special Microscopes http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

A Boy And His Atom: The World's Smallest Movie http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=o. SCX 78 -8

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) http: //virtual. itg. uiuc. edu/training/AFM_tutorial/

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Images of a fibroblast cell from an optical microscope (using fluorescence) and an atomic force microscope http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog/programs/exploring_tools__special_microscopes_nanodays_08_09_10_11

What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure roughness http: //www. asylumresearch. com/Gallery

What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure roughness Measure electrical/chemical properties Müller et al. Nature Chemical Biology 2009 Müller and Dufrêne Nature Nanotechnology 2008

What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure roughness Measure electrical/chemical properties Measure material properties (elasticity, strength) (i) cancer cell (ii) normal cell Cross Nature 2007

What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure all cells roughness Measure electrical/chemical properties material properties (elasticity, strength) cancer cells Measure normal cells Cross Nature 2007

What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure roughness Measure electrical/chemical properties Measure material properties (elasticity, strength) Move atoms! http: //www. thenanoage. com/visualization-

Silver: Great Idea! Used to prevent spoilage throughout history 1800’s: silver used for ulcers 1920’s: used in wound management Multiple studies found it prevents and inhibits the growth of bacteria

Nano Silver Products http: //www. samsung. com/, http: //www. conair. com/, http: //www. diabeticsocks 4 less. com/diabeticcare, http: //mrsec. wisc. edu/

Silver: Always a Good Idea? Overdose of macro silver causes Argyria Inhibits “good bacteria” Prevents photosynthesis in algae Toxicity of nano silver still unknown http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Argyria

Wonders and Worries of Nano http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Consumer Products with Nano Any technology has risks and benefits Who should make decisions about whether to use certain nanotechnologies? Should doctors use nanosilver catheters to prevent infections? What about using a nanosilver washing machine? http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Would you use a dangerous technology? Gasoline can be dangerous, too! To make gas safer, there are regulations for producing, transporting and using it safely How can we think ahead so we reduce the risks associate with new nanotechnologies? http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Applications of Nanotechnology could change how we create, transmit, store, and use energy Examples: super-efficient batteries, low-resistance transmission lines, cheaper solar cells New flexible, thin film solar cells are easier to produce and install, use less material, and are cheaper to make http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Nanofiltration for Clean Water In many places, people do not have access to clean water Nanofiltration systems are a promising solution to this problem http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog

Nanofiltration for Clean Water http: //www. lifesaversystems. com/press-media/videos

Nanofiltration for Clean Water http: //www. lifesaversystems. com

An Interdisciplinary Endeavor Engineerin g Medicin e Physics Nanoscience & Nanotechnolo gy Chemistry Materials Science Biotechnolog y Biology Information Technology

Do You Love Nano, Too? http: //www. nisenet. org/catalog