Name Dr Abdiaziz Hussein Hassan Academic Background Ph

Name: Dr. Abdiaziz Hussein Hassan

Academic Background • Ph. D candidate in Fisheries Management • MS in Fisheries MGT • MS in LLM • Maritime Studies & Marine Science • Criminology & Security Studies

Courses • Statistical Computing Certificate at RU. Bd. • TOT by JICA/FETA • General Navigation by FAO/ MOFMAR • Technician of OBM by YAMMAHA • Course in secretarial skills by DHU • Course in project management by DHU

Research done and participated • 8 th Biennial Fisheries Conference and Research fair 2019 at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka, Bangladesh. International Conferences on Geosciences and Environment (ICGE 2018), University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

On going Research Preserving Fresh water Fish Species. Effect of SW Manson to the Availability of fish at Mogadishu area. How to create CBFM for Somalia.

Introduction to Maritime Law

Which laws and agreements regulate the use of oceans? Learning objectives: To understand the main laws and agreements regulating the use of the Earth’s oceans in ways that promote sustainable economic growth and geopolitical stability. Starter: What do you understand by the term ‘sovereignty’? authority of a state to govern itself or another state the

Which laws and agreements regulate the use of oceans? UNCLOS – United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Since the 17 th century, the principle of limiting the rights of a country to a narrow belt (3 nautical miles) around their coastline has been accepted. The remainder of the oceans were free for all to use. However, during the 20 th century, concerns were growing around the pressures and potential conflicts regarding the use of the oceans’ resources. Between 1945 and 1967, a number of countries, including the USA, Chile, Argentina and Egypt made changes to their claims regarding the waters around them, mainly to exploit or protect minerals and fish stocks. Question: What is the difference between a statute mile and a nautical mile? 1 nautical mile = 1. 1508 statute miles

Which laws and agreements regulate the use of oceans? There were many concerns that technological advances, political disputes, claims and counter-claims regarding ocean resources were reaching crisis point. By 1967, only 25 nations still adhered to the 3 NM principal. During this period, the UN held several conferences to develop treaties which stipulated rights and responsibilities with respect to the use of the world’s oceans. Delegates at UNCLOS I (source: www. legal. un. org) The first of the conferences were held in 1956, resulting in four treaties being agreed in 1958, known as UNCLOS I.

Which laws and agreements regulate the use of oceans? A second conference was held in 1960 (UNCLOS II), but no new agreements were reached. In 1967, Arvid Pardo, Malta's Ambassador to the United Nations, made an electrifying speech to the General Assembly. He called for international regulations to ensure peace at sea, to prevent further pollution and to protect ocean resources. A comprehensive treaty was discussed between 1973 and 1982 (UNCLOS III), where 160 sovereign states bargained, argued and traded rights and obligations regarding the waters around their nations and states. This conference adopted the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the 10 th December 1982. The law was signed by 117 nations and came into force in 1994.

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea contains twelve key provisions: 1. Setting limits 2. Navigation 3. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 4. Continental shelf 5. Deep seabed mining 6. Technological prospects 7. Technological prospects 8. The question in the convention 9. Pioneer investors 10. Protection of the marine environment 11. Marine scientific research 12. Settlement of disputes

Which laws and agreements regulate the use of oceans? The convention also sets the limit of various areas which lie in proximity of coastal states. These areas are measured from a carefully defined baseline (mean low water mark along the coast).

Which laws and agreements regulate the use of oceans? Zone Distance from baseline Significance of zone Internal waters Landward of baseline Coastal states have the right to set laws and use resources. Foreign vessels have no right of passage. Territorial waters Up to 12 NM This area includes the airspace above water and the land below the sea. Foreign flag ships have the right of innocent passage*. However, submarines must travel on the surface. Contiguous zone Up to 24 NM In this area coastal states have the rights to waters and airspace for the purposes of enforcing immigration, customs laws, taxation and immigration. Exclusive economic Up to 200 NM zones (EEZs) Coastal states have the exploitation rights to all natural resources. Foreign nations have rights to waters and airspace, subject to agreements, and can lay submarine pipes and cables. Continental shelf Coastal states have the right to harvest mineral and nonliving material in the subsoil of its continental shelf, to the exclusion of others. Up to 350 NM * Innocent passage exists as long as the passage does not affect good order, peace and security of the sovereign state.

UNCLOS Zone limits A Territorial waters Up to 12 nm B Contiguous zone Up to 24 nm C Exclusive economic zones (EEZs) Up to 200 nm D Continental shelf Up to 350 nm More detail on these zones can be found on the NOAA website here: http: //www. gc. noaa. gov/gcil_maritime. html

Somali Maritime Law • Law on the Somali Territorial Sea and Ports, 1972. • Somali Maritime Law – Law No. 5 of 26 January 1989 • Federal Republic of Somalia June 30, 2014. Proclamation

What are the primary aims of Sustainable Development Oceans? To significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds – particularly from land based activities To sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts To minimise and address the impacts of ocean acidification through scientific cooperation To effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing and destructive fishing practices To restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield To prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overfishing, unregulated and illegal fishing To increase the economic benefits to developing countries from the sustainable use of marine resources To provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets

The End Thank you for your time