Nail Structure Nail Growth Nail Diseases Disorders and

• Nail Structure • Nail Growth • Nail Diseases, Disorders, and Conditions Nail Theory

Onychology The study of nails.

Nail Structure 1. Free Edge – Extends past the skin. 2. Nail Body – Visible nail area. 3. Nail Wall – Skin on both sides of nail. 4. Lunula – Whitened half-moon 5. Eponychium – Lies at the base of the nail, live skin. 6. Mantle – Holds root and matrix.

Nail Structure 7. Nail Matrix – Generates cells that make the nail. 8. Nail Root – Attached to matrix 9. Cuticle – Overlapping skin around the nail 10. Nail Bed – Skin that nail sits on 11. Nail Grooves – Tracks that nail slides on 12. Perionychium – Skin around nail 13. Hyponychium – Underneath the free edge

Hyponychium Nail Body Nail Groove Nail Bed Lunula Eponychium Matrix Nail Root

Free Edge Nail Bed Eponychium Matrix Nail Root

Nail Growth • Keratin – Glue-like protein that hardens to make the nail. • Rate of Growth – 4 to 6 month to grow new nail – Approx. 1/8” per month • Faster in summer

Injuries • Result: shape distortions or discoloration – Nail lost due to trauma. – Nail lost through disease.

Types of Nail Implements Nippers Nail Clippers Cuticle Pusher Emery Board or orangewood stick

Nail Diseases, Disorders and Conditions • Onychosis – Any nail disease • Etiology – Cause of nail disease, disorder or condition. • Hand Nail Examination – Check for problems • Six signs of infection – Pain, swelling, redness, local fever, throbbing and pus

Symptoms • • Coldness – Lack of circulation Heat – Infection Dry Texture – Lack of moisture Redness – Infection Color of Nail Bed – Bruise Condition of Free Edge – Nail biter Tenderness/stiffness – Arthritis Nail Plate Thickness - Filing

Nail Irregularities • Refer to a physician!! –Do not diagnose!!

Onychomycosis • Tinea Unguium / Ringworm • Cause – fungus • Thick, turns colors, deformed • See physician • No services may be performed!!!

Tinea Manus • • • Hand Ringworm Fungus Blisters & flakes See physician No services may be performed!!

Tinea Pedis • Athletes Foot / Foot Ringworm • Fungus • Itching & red blisters • See Physician • No services may be performed!!

Paronychia • • • Inflammation Bacterial Infection Shows signs of infection May grow out irregular See physician No service may be performed!!

Onychoptosis • Shedding of Nails • Disease • Sensitive, nail loss – Will re-grow • Needs to be protected • No service may be performed!!

Onychia • • Inflammation of Matrix Bacterial Infection Signs of infection Nail may not grow back – If it does grow, may be deformed • Needs to be protected • No services may be performed!!

Onychatrophia • • Wasting away of the nail Injury Shrinkage, separation May improve in 3 – 6 months • No services may be performed!!

Onycholysis • Loosening of Nail • Systemic • Partially loose nail, becomes detached • See physician • No services may be performed!!

• Blue nails • Systemic • Blue in color, poor circulation • Manicure with caution! Blue Nails

Corrugations • Ridges across nail • Injury/systemic • Ridges – Buff lightly – Ridges may disappear while growing out. • Lightly buff, apply base coat

Kolionychia • Spoon Nails • Systemic • Concave, unusual shape, unlikely to disappear • File carefully, polish to protect

Furrows • Vertical Lines • Injury • Buff lightly, may grow out, may be permanent • Lightly buff and apply base coat

Onychogryposis • Claw Nails • Systemic • Thick, curved, clawlike • Physician may remove – Difficult to clean and cut. • Clean under free edge.

Extreme Case of Onychogryposis

Onychocryptosis • Ingrown Nails • Environmental • Signs of infection: No Service • Refer to physician • If not infected: Soften skin, trim nail • DO NOT CUT OUT INGROWN NAIL!!

Onychauxis • Hypotrophy • Injury • Thickness, easily recognizable • Lightly buff

Agnails • Hang Nail • Dry Cuticle • Skin breaks at corner of nail, trim • May heal in 2 to 3 days • Trim Hangnail and Moisturize

Bruised Nails • Purple Nails • Trauma • Discoloration under nail, normal growth will continue • No pressure on nail plate.

Leuconychia • White spots • Injury or liver disease • Small separation from nail bed, grows out with nail. • Perform nail service as usual.

Pterygium • Overgrown cuticles • Sticky cuticle • Excess cuticle that splits and eventually tears. • Soften, massage cuticles and push back – Unless skin is broken, then no service.

Extreme Case of Pterygium

Onychophagy • Bitten Nails • Habit • Easily recognizable, will re-grow if biting stops • Perform nail service weekly

Onychorrhexis • Split Nails • Injury (improper filing or harsh chemical contact) • Easily recognizable, file with emery board carefully, may be permanent • Soften nails, use hot oil manicure