N W Savannah River E Chattahoochee River Fall

N W Savannah River E Chattahoochee River Fall Line S Fast Facts 1. Appalachian Plateau is TAG corner 2. Ridge and Valley is home to Dalton GA- Carpet Capital of the world 3. Blue Ridge Region is home to the highest point in Georgia. Brasstown Bald 4. Piedmont is home to the capital of Georgia- Atlanta and is the region with the most population 5. Coastal Plain is divided in to 2 parts. The Inner Coastal Plain and the Outer Coastal Plain. The inner Coastal Plain is where most of Georgia’s farming takes place! Home to the barrier islands. FASTN- The acronym for the 5 states that border GEORGIA. Florida, Alabama, South Carolina, Tennessee, North Carolina Okefenokee Swamp Barrier Islands 1

• Where is GA? South eastern portion of the United States • • What continent are we on? North American What hemispheres is the U. S. in? North Western 2

Prehistoric Indians Paleo Archaic Woodland Mississippian 1, 000 B. C. to 1, 000 A. D. Paleo (from Greek, “Very Old”) 3 Groups 1. Early Archaic Also called the Temple Mound period • Also called Old Stone Age • Lasted about 10, 000 years • Settled along the Flint and Savannah River • Hunted LARGE animals • Lived in groups of 25 -50 people • Nomadic (roaming) hunters • Most tools and spear points made of stone • Used an “atlatl”: stone sling-like implement that threw darts from a longer distance period: 8, 000 B. C. to 5, 000 B. C. • Hunted large animals and small game • Invented tools from deer antlers • Moved with each season to find best food resources 2. Middle Archaic Began around 5, 000 B. C. • Water levels moved back along rivers and coastal areas • People began making hooks from animal bones • Shellfish was a more common food • Food was easier to find; people moved around less • Tribe: group of people sharing common ancestry, name, and way of living • Hundreds of families formed tribes • Built domed-shaped huts with trees • Used bow and arrows to hunt • Held religious ceremonies • Farmed with homemade tools and grew most of their food • Thousands might live in a single settlement, protected by fences and moats • Very religious; used jewelry and body art • Mysteriously Disappeared • Most advanced group of all! • Improved pottery-making techniques 3. Late Archaic 4, 000 B. C. to 1, 000 B. C. • Created grooved axes to clear trees and bushes • Began saving and planting seeds for plants and seeds for growing seasons( horticulture) • Made and used pottery for storing, cooking, and serving food 3

Hernando De Soto- Spanish explorer who searched all over Georgia for gold… He never found it. Spanish hurt the Native Americans not because of weapons and war but because of DISEASES. 4

• 6, 000 words • • Georgia’s Charter Outlined who was not allowed: Catholics Blacks Liquor Dealers Lawyers The colonist would receive: – 50 Acres of land tools/food for a year – OR – The colonist could pay their own way and receive 500 acres and may bring up to 10 Indentured Servants • In exchange, colonists had to agree to the following: (1) Each man was to defend the new colony against all enemies. (2) Land given to colonists could not be sold, and no money could be borrowed on it. It could, however, be passed on to a male heir. (3) Each colonist was to receive seeds and agricultural tools and was to use them in cultivating the lands of the new settlement. (4) Colonists were to use a portion of their land to grow mulberry trees so that silkworms would eat the leaves and make cocoons for the production of silk. (5) Each colonist was to obey all regulations established by the trustees.

Chief Tomochichi- 1. Yamacraw Indian Chief 2. Close Friends with Oglethorpe 3. brought rlations between the “white man” and Indians together. James Oglethorpe- 1. His friend died in prison and this fueled him to want to create a new colony. He came up with the idea to establish GA as a DEBTORS COLONY. GA was created thanks to OGLETHORPE but not for a DEBTORS colony. When he arrived in the GA colony he was a leader and TRUSTEE… Mary Musgrove- She was John Musgrove's wife. John was the 1 st translator and then Mary took over. She helped OGLETHORPE and Chief Tomochichi communicate Salzburgers- a group of German Protestants who were forced out of Salzburg. When they arrived in GA Oglethorpe allowed them to settle. They named their town Ebenezer but soon moved to better land named it New Ebenezer. Highland Scots- they opposed slavery. They assisted Oglethorpe during the Spanish invasion. They were feisty and loved to fight. That is why they lived along the coast! Royal Colony- when GA was ruled by a King… a lot of settlers who moved back to GA when it became a ROYAL colony. They brought back slaves, (Royal governors allowed slavery) grew new type crops, bought more land. Governors enforced laws for king. James Reynolds was the longest reigning Royal Governor. Spanish Threat to Florida 1. WAR OF JENKINS EAR (lost)- between Spain and Britain. British sailor got ear cut off. Oglethorpe tried to invade Spanish Florida but lost. 2. Battle of Bloody Marsh-(WON) Oglethorpe along with the Highland Scots, invade Florida and win. After battle Oglethorpe “faked” that 6 warships are on the way. The Spanish never invaded again.

French and Indian War. A disagreement between France and Great Britain that led to a 9 year WAR that began in 1754. Fighting over who could claim the most land in America! Great Britain won! After the war the British began taxing the colonist. . This leads to the American Revolution… Proclamations of 1763 Issued by King George 3 rd. This Proclamation moved GA’s border boundary to the St. Mary’s River It also forbade the colonist from settling west of the Appalachian Mountain. Stamp Act. Passed in 1765 by Britain's Parliament in an attempt to raise money to pay the FRENCH and INDIAN WAR. It placed a TAX on Newspapers, Legal Documents, and Licenses. COLONISTS HATED THIS!!! Intolerable Acts (COLONISTS HATED THIS!!!) 4 laws passed by Britain's Parliament as punishment to the colonist for the Boston Tea party. 1. Port of Boston Closes till colonist paid for tea 2. No more town meetings for the colonists 3. British officials could be tried in British court for wrong doings instead of going through colonial courts 4. Quartering Acts passed- Colonials had to house and feed British troops 7

Loyalists- AKA “Tories”- were loyal to the King of England “King George 3 rd. Constitutional Convention of 1787 purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation. Patriots- AKA”Whigs”, “Liberty Boys”, “colonials” These were colonists who were ready to cut ties with Great Britain Articles of Confederation- first constitution. . It was very weak and had little power. The federal government had no power! Elijah Clarke- led the patriot militia group that defeated the British in the BATTLE OF KETTLE CREEK. Also he led the troops to take back AUGUSTA from the British Battle of Kettle Creek Austin Dabney- African American man and SLAVE who is a a Revolutionary HERO. He was a follower of Elijah Clarke and helped Elijah win the BATTLE OF KETTLE CREEK Nancy Hart- A colonial woman who truly helped GA win the Revolutionary War for her efforts. She held British troops captive until help arrived… only county in GA named after a woman Baptist and Methodist are the 2 main religions during this time Button Gwinnett Lyman Hall The 3 signers of the Dec. of Independence. George Walton Battle of Kettle Creek- Colonist WON this BATTLE!!! This boosted the militia’s confidence. Siege of Savannah- British troops seized Savannah. The French tried to help us overtake the British in a battle. But failed. The British held control of Savannah for over 3 years! 8

Articles of Confederation- Ratified on JULY 4 th 1784. This was the first constitution of the United States. It was Very Weak in power. The Articles could not make the 13 colonies 1 nation… did not have the power to tax the citizens. SO they will change it in 1787 to the U. S. Constitution. Abraham Baldwin- 1 of the 2 signers of the US Constitution for GA! Helped create the method to amend the constitution. Eli Whitney invented the COTTON GIN- a major mechanical invention of the time. This machine made slaves lives harder and drove up profits for cotton A FEW BALDMEN SIGNED THE CONSTITUION!!! William Few- 1 of the 2 signers of the US Constitution for GA! Helped create the method to amend the constitution. Dahlonega Georgia- The town where gold was discovered in Georgia Land Policies: 2 Ways to distribute land: 1. Head right 2. Land lottery Yazoo Land Fraud- Mc. Intosh- Creek Chief who made a deal with the 4 Land Companies bribed Georgia General Assembly members to buy land. A penny and a half per acre. The public was very angry. The deal was revoked! state of GA to sell Indian land. His people murdered him. Creek Indians- AKA “Muscogee” Indians. Made up of 14 tribes. Mc. Gillivray- Creek Chief who signed Treaty of New York that gave colonist creek land Cherokee Indians- “Real Indians”, lived in CLANS, had 2 chiefs- 1 for Sequoyah- made the Syllabry- which made the war and 1 for making decisions', were MATRILINEAL (MOTHER), had a council (type of gov. ) NEW ECHOTA- was the Cherokee capital Cherokee the 1 st Indians to have a written language Dahlonega Gold Rush- 1829 gold discovered in the GA mountains This was CHEROKEE land they eventually get kicked off! John Ross was a Cherokee Chief during Trail of Tears. Worcester vs Georgia- Reverend Worchester initially refused to sign an John Marshall- Chief Justice that ruled the oath to GA that would evict the Cherokee Indians off their land. He was thrown in jail and stood trial. He took his case to the supreme court where he lost and had to pledged his oath to the state. After the trial he was BANISHED from GA Worcester Case decision could not stand b/c Cherokee territory was not subject to state law… Therefore the CHEROKEE lost their land Andrew Jackson –Fought in the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. This made him a hero. When he became President. . He signed the Indian Removal Act… which led to the TRAIL OF TEARS. Trail of Tears- 1838 The Cherokee had to be moved from their lands and were given new land in 9 Oklahoma 800 miles away. A lot of Cherokee died during the journey.

Events that led to the CIVIL WAR: 1. States’ Rights is the belief that states should be in charge of themselves. That is what the South wanted. They felt like the North didn’t know or understand the South, so the Federal government shouldn’t make decisions for the whole country. 2. 3. 4. Slavery- being “owned” by someone else Nullification- to declare invalid; if they didn’t think that a law made followed the constitution they could not obey it; Missouri Compromise- In the year 1820 Maine entered the Union as a free state and Missouri entered as a slave 5. Compromise of 1850 --The Compromise of 1850 was a series of 5 bills that were intended to stop conflicts. The 6. Georgia Platform- became to support the Compromise of 1850 even if they didn’t like it in order to stay in 7. Kansas- Nebraska Act- Kansas and Nebraska were to chose what they wanted to be; went 8. Dred Scott-Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri and his owner decided to move to Illinois, then to Wisconsin, and then back 9. Election of 1860 -This election separated the country so much. It was pretty much whoever you were voting for, determined if States Rights- state. They were added to keep the balance between the free states and the slave states-11 each. The country had made a decision that slavery was not prohibited north of 36º 20´N which are the degrees of the southern border of Missouri. Fugitive Slave Act was established. This act states that Federal officers were required to return runaway slaves. the Union; talked into it by Cobb, Stephens, Toombs. against Missouri Compromise; people moved there and started fighting to try and win vote to Missouri. In 1857, he went to the Supreme Court hoping that they could grant his freedom. It turns out that the Court had said that blacks were not and will never be citizens of America , and that Scott was not allowed to file a lawsuit. Court also ruled that Congress could not stop slavery in the territories. This case separated the North and South even more. there was going to be slavery or not. The 2 main candidates were Lincoln and Breckinridge. Lincoln was against slavery and Breckinridge was for slavery. Bell and Douglas were not as popular as Lincoln and Breckinridge. Not many states cared about them. But guess what? Because the major political party, the Democrats, had split up because of differences of opinion, they split up and more than half formed the new political party of the Republicans. Which led to nominating Lincoln to run for president, which led to him winning the election. What really amazes people is the fact that his name was not on single ballad down south and he still won 10 the election. That means he had no help from the South at all.

Debate over Secession Alexander Stephens(FLIP FLOPPER) The CIVIL War: Antietam- The When Georgia wasn’t sure about seceding from the Union, Alexander Stephens w trying to convince Georgia that it would be better if they did NOT secede. But when Georgia seceded from the Union on January 16, 1861 guess who was vice president of the Confederate States of America. Alexander Stephens, even though at first he did not aprove of seceding, he eventually approved it later on Cotton is the most important crop in the 1800’s Railroads most I important form of transportation Battle of Antietam was fought on September 17, 1862. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War that was fought on Northern soil. (Sharpsburg, Maryland) It was also the bloodiest SINGLE-DAY battle in American history. 23, 000 soldiers were dead. Emancipation Proclamation- This Gettysburg- The Battle of Gettysburg (July Chickamauga- This battle lasted 2 days, September 18 -20 1863. The battl 1 st- 3 rd July 1863), fought in, and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, This battle had the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point. Union General Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North. Union Blockade- north's Strategy to block all Supplies Coming into the south Andersonville- a confederate prison for Union (Northern Prisoners of War. ) Real unsanitary and full of disease 1. 2. document consists of two orders: issued on September 22, 1862 issued on January 1, 1863 and stated specific states in which all slaves are fre was fought between the Union army under control of Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans and the Confederate army under control of Gen. Braxton Bragg. On September 21 Rosecrans’s army withdrew to the city of Chattanooga whil the Confederates surrounded them. Unable to escape Rosecrans was relieved of his command. This battle is considered a Confederate victory, but a costly one. An estimated 34, 634 soldiers died. THE BLOODIEST BATTLE IN GEORGIA! Sherman's Atlanta Campaign & march to the Sea 11

Reconstruction • President Lincoln’s plan for rebuilding the South had three parts: • First, 10% of the people in the state had to take an oath to obey the U. S. Constitution. • Second, the state had to set up a new government. • Third, they had to abolish slavery. © 2014 Brain Wrinkles

Johnsons Plan 1. 10% of the state population had to ask to be pardoned directly by the president 2. If you owed more than $20, 000 worth of land had to go to the president to be pardoned 3. State had to accept the 13 th amendment 4. State had to nullify (declare invalid) their ordinance of secession 5. South could not repay their war debts

13 th- No Slavery 14 th- Civil Rights for all 15 th- Voting rights for all men 14

Freedmen’s Bureau This Bureau was created to help aid freed men (former slaves) adjust to society. The Bureau provided education, jobs, food, money, clothes, and anything else that could be given Sharecropping and Tenant Farming- (mainly former slaves) Sharecropping was done by people who had nothing, and needed land, materials, seed and a place to stay. -they shared their crop as rent and pay -Tenant farming they have of their own tools, seed, animals, etc. Just need to borrow the land to farm on. Henry Mc. Neal Turner -one of first African Americans elected to GA. KKK- Ku Klux Klan- a racist group that began after Government -was kicked out because they said that African Americans the Civil War ended. couldn’t run for office; reinstated by GA. Supreme Court Bourbon Triumvirate Brown, Colquitt, and Gordon formed Henry Grady- coined phrase “New South” -meant that this group…-in politics together for 18 years…. -believed in industry in the South, as well as maintaining white supremacy. . BROUGHT INDUSTRY TO THE NEW SOUTH the South was to become more like the Industrialized North in its ways of making a living Leo Frank Case- was accused of murdering a 14 -year old girl Jim Crow Laws- passed to establish “separate but equal” -only testimony was from black janitor who was allowed to testify because Frank was Jewish -ended up having his death sentence made into life sentence -2 -months later a group marched into the prison, got Frank and hanged him for everyone to see facilities for whites and blacks. . 1896 Plessey vs. Ferguson- Homer Plessy bought a train ticket to sit in the Booker T. Washington- Washington helped to found the whites car because he was 7/8 white and 1/8 black -he was arrested & took his case to the Supreme Court -the court ruled that “Separate but Equal” facilities was legal -paved way for more segregation Tuskegee Instititute -believed that all African Americans should learn a skill -thought that any person who made their own economic success would see race relations improve; W. E. B. Dubois- “ Talented 10 th” and one of the founding John and Lugenia Burns Hope- advocates for African fathers of the NAACP. Did not agree with Booker t. Washington. Americans and children! Alonzo Herndon- Atlanta Barber who created Atlanta Mutual Reasons for entering WW 1. - US remained out of it Insurance and he became the wealthiest African American in Atlanta. until 1917 when after warning Germans about sinking ships, they intercepted the Zimmerman telegram (FINAL BLOW)-sent 15 by Germany to Mexico asking them to attack US from South.

Great Depression: Reasons that led to World War 1 - “Final Blow. Zimmerman Telegram” Boll Weevil-insect which ate Georgia’s most important cotton crop Drought in Georgia- began in 1914 ish-1924: major drought (period with little or no rain) hit Georgia Stock Market Crash--Place where shares of ownership in Eugene Talmadge- ( Herman’s Dad) corporations (stock) are bought and sold. “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock market prices fall greatly; millions of people loose all their wealth Did not like New Deal programs in Georgia Served as GA’s Gov. for four non consecutive terms Was a white supremacist. . Won the 1946 election but then died. . This brought his son HERMAN in to office… RURAL VOTERS LOVED HIM!!! New Deal : (FDR) Roosevelt’s plan to end the depression RELIEF RECOVERY AND REFORM AAA, CCC, REA, Social Securtiy Rural Electrification- brought electric power to rural areas Social Security- The Act provided benefits to retirees and the unemployed, and a lump-sum benefit at death. CCC- built state parks, bridges, specifically named: Roosevelt State Park in Pine Mountain, Tybee Island’s seawall, Augusta’s Savannah River Levee! AAA- The government paid farmers to stop producing crops- This hurt TENANT FARMERS! World War II: - GA contribution was having major military bases!!!!!!! Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan Bell Aircraft- Savannah and Brunswick Shipyards- Factories in Georgia where AIRPLANES were built during World War II. Brought lots of money to GA and helped get us out of the Great Depression. Built B- 29 BOMBERS Factories in Georgia where SHIPS WERE BUILT during World War II. Brought lots of money to GA and helped get us out of the Great Depression. LIBETY SHIPS WERE BUILT HERE! Bombing of Pearl Harbor -nickname “The day that will live Carl Vinson- Served over 50 years in the House of in infamy” 12 -7 -1941 Pearl Harbor Hawaii was bombed by the Japanese. The next day on 12 -8… the United States entered the war. Representatives (longer than any other congressman) Fought hard for the navy! “FATHER OF THE TWO OCEAN NAVY” Richard Russell- was the youngest governor in GA, the youngest 16 Lend Lease Act- During World War II… the U. S. lended House of Rep. member and the youngest Senator. . Fought hard to bring naval Great Britain supplies before we entered the war.

Reasons that led to the depression: 1. Many people had borrowed too much money 2. Factories produced more goods than they could sell 3. Banks loaned out to much money 4. “Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a portion of the price of a stock hoping that the value will go up 5. Laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix itself if left alone 17

Modern Georgia 1940’s to Present Mayor William B. Hartsfield: Airport in Atlanta named after him. . “Father of Aviation” Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. - Mayor of Atlanta brought major league (professional) sports to GA Mayor Ellis Arnall Benjamin Mays-President of Morehouse College Lester Maddox-appointed more African Americans to boards and commissions than all other previous governors combined. AND was first governor to be elected Lt. Governor 1956 State Flag- change the state flag back to the confederate flag bc of the Brown vs BOE decision. Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes- First African Americans that integrated into the UNIVERSITY OF GEOGRIGA Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Martin Luther King, Jr. - civil rights activists… delivered the “I have a Dream speech” Brown vs. Board of Education- declared separate but equal unconstitutional in education Herman Talmadge- racists, segregationist, Eugenes son, gov. of GA from 1948 -1955 Governors Race of 1946 - (see next slide) Sibley Commission- A commission made up of 14 people. Created to study the problem of integration in GA schools. Albany Movement- showed that protesting and sit in’s do work to get the point across. The SNCC participated in this movement Mayor Maynard Jackson- ATLANTA’s First African American Mayor… Andrew Young- Brought the 1996 Olympics to GA and was a huge civil rights activist… he also helped DR. Martin Luther King Jimmy Carter- Cared a lot about helping people (humanitarian)… was a State Senator, Governor, President of the United States… Only President from Georgia Was all for integration 1996 Olympic Games in GA- Brought in tons of money to Georgia…. Mayor Maynard Jackson convinced the Olympic panel to allow the 18 Olympics be in Atlanta Ga.

Modern Georgia 1940’s to Present SNCC- Student non violent coordinating committee- A group of students who coordinated sit ins and boycotts of different places to try to end discrimination. March on Washington- MLK Jr. gave the famous “ I have a Dream” speech in hopes of ending discrimination and bringing on the passage of the Civil Rights Act! 19

1946 Gov. Race Gov. Ellis Arnall cannot run for re election of governor. So Eugene Talmadge runs and wins the election. Well Eugene was old and in bad health. So Eugene’s advisor got a lot of voters to scratch out Eugene's name on the ballot and write his sons name, Herman. This caused a political chaos's because Eugene died after he won the election… and it was argued that Herman should win…. Eugene's / Hermans advisors locked themselves in the governors office and refused to leave for 3 days. The case goes to GA’s gov’t. the government says that LT. Gov. Melvin Thompson shall serve as Gov. until a special election in 1948. In the end there is a special election in 1948 where Talmadge is elected gov. Talmadge will also win the next election for governor in 1950.

Legislative Branch. . General Assembly Executive Branch Qualifications for office Age Years of Residency In GA Years of Residency In U. S. Term Length Gov. 30 6 15 4 Lt. Gov. 30 6 15 4 (may serve unlimited terms) Senator 25 2 2 2 (may serve unlimited terms) House of Representative 21 2 2 2 (may serve unlimited terms) (may only serve 2 consecutive terms) 21

How a BILL becomes a LAW Governor has 3 choices: 1. Sign it 2. Sit on it 3. Veto it Full House of Representatives VETO-…. The General Assembly can undo the veto by voting again, and if 2/3 or more of the Assembly vote the bill into law, the veto is undone, and it becomes a state law anyway Full Senate House of Representatives COMMITTEE Senate COMMITTEE Bill submitted by citizen A bill is written and given to either the clerk in the House, or the Secretary In the Senate. It can go to either CHAMBER EXCEPT IF IT IS A APPROPRIATION/MONEY BILL. . Those must begin in the HOUSE

Judicial Branch (Court… Judges…) Appellate Courts. These 2 courts only review court case decision s made by lower courts. . Supreme Court How are they Elected? Term Length 7 justices Court of Appeals 12 judges Superior Court 188 judges State Court Juvenile Court Probate Court Magistrate Court

Juvenile Justice System 1 st step is intake; intake officer investigates and if there is not enough evidence, the juvenile must be released. If there is enough for charges, juvenile may be released to parents, or detained to YDC. The 1 st part of the formal hearing is the adjudicatory hearing. This is like a trial, where the judge hears the case against the juvenile and decides whether or not the child is guilty. 4 th step in juvenile process is sentencing; judge may release to parents, give probation, send to YDC, send to boot camp, give fines, suspend licence, etc. 2 nd step is detention; if juvenile is detained a probable cause hearing is had within 72 hours. Judge has 3 options; dismiss case, informal adjustment; formal hearing 3 rd step is formal hearing; complaining witness files a petition stating the wrongdoing The 2 nd part of the formal hearing is the dispositional hearing. This is the stage where the judge hands down the punishment for the offense. Last step in juvenile process is the right to appeal his/her case if they believe they did not commit the crime, or if they feel their rights were violated during the trial procedure. Courts may have juvenile under supervision for up to 5 years.

Juvenile Justice System Unruly Child- breaks a kid law (curfew, smoking, drinking) Delinquent Child- breaks an adult law (murder, robbery) Civil Law- Cases that do not involve laws being broken(divorces. . Wills. . ) Criminal Law- Cases involving people that have broken the law. 25